Caesar's Commentaries — The Gallic War and The Civil War — Chronicle
Ordered by chapter. No event in this book could be dated from the text, so it is not dated — no anchor, no chronology; a date is never inferred. Time expressions are copied from the text as written. Every event links back to one sentence of the original.
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716 events · no event could be dated from the text
Undated
The Gallic War, Book I, 1–6
he persuades Casticus, the son of Catamantaledes (one of the Sequani, whose father had possessed the sovereignty among the people for many years, and had been styled "friend" by the senate of the Roman people), to seize upon the sovereignty in his own state, which his father had held before him
The Gallic War, Book I, 1–6 · On the day appointed for the pleading of his cause
On the day appointed for the pleading of his cause, Orgetorix drew together from all quarters to the court all his vassals to the number of ten thousand persons; and led together to the same place, and all his dependants and debtor-bondsmen, of whom he had a great number; by means of these he rescued himself from the necessity of pleading his cause.
The Gallic War, Book I, 1–6
Orgetorix died; and there is not wanting a suspicion, as the Helvetii think, of his having committed suicide.
The Gallic War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[the lake of Geneva]]
he carries along for nineteen Roman, not quite eighteen English miles a wall, to the height of sixteen feet, and a trench, from the lake of Geneva, which flows into the river Rhone, to Mount Jura, which separates the territories of the Sequani from those of the Helvetii.
The Gallic War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[the Province]] · the day before the ides of April
he says that he cannot, consistently with the custom and precedent of the Roman people, grant any one a passage through the Province; and he gives them to understand that, if they should attempt to use violence, he would oppose them.
The Gallic War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[the Rhone]]
but being kept at bay by the strength of our works, and by the concourse of the soldiers, and by the missiles, they desisted from this attempt.
The Gallic War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[the territories of the Sequani]]
He, therefore, undertakes the affair, and prevails upon the Sequani to allow the Helvetii to march through their territories, and arranges that they should give hostages to each other--the Sequani not to obstruct the Helvetii in their march--the Helvetii, to pass without mischief and outrage.
The Gallic War, Book I, 7–13
For these reasons he appointed Titus Labienus, his lieutenant, to the command of the fortification which he had made.
The Gallic War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[the territories of the Aedui]] · by this time
The Helvetii had by this time led their forces over through the narrow defile and the territories of the Sequani, and had arrived at the territories of the Aedui, and were ravaging their lands.
The Gallic War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[the Saone]] · during the third watch
Attacking them, encumbered with baggage, and not expecting him, he cut to pieces a great part of them;
The Gallic War, Book I, 7–13 · within the recollection of our fathers
This single canton having left their country, within the recollection of our fathers, had slain Lucius Cassius the consul, and had made his army pass under the yoke.
The Gallic War, Book I, 7–13 · in the same battle as Cassius himself
because the Tigurini had slain Lucius Piso the lieutenant of Cassius, the grandfather of Lucius Calpurnius Piso, his Caesar's father-in-law, in the same battle as Cassius himself.
The Gallic War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[the Saone]] · in one day
he procures a bridge to be made across the Saone, and thus leads his army over.
The Gallic War, Book I, 14–18
Although these things are so, yet, if hostages were to be given him by them in order that he may be assured they will do what they promise, and provided they will give satisfaction to the Aedui for the outrages which they had committed against them and their allies, and likewise to the Allobroges, he Caesar will make peace with them.
The Gallic War, Book I, 14–18 · On the following day
These, having too eagerly pursued the enemy's rear, come to a battle with the cavalry of the Helvetii in a disadvantageous place, and a few of our men fall.
The Gallic War, Book I, 19–25
he forgives both the injuries of the republic and his private wrongs, at his desire and prayers.
The Gallic War, Book I, 19–25 · During the third watch
During the third watch he orders Titus Labienus, his lieutenant with praetorian powers, to ascend to the highest ridge of the mountain with two legions
The Gallic War, Book I, 19–25 · At day-break
At day-break, when the summit of the mountain was in the possession of Titus Labienus, and he himself was not further off than a mile and half from the enemy's camp
The Gallic War, Book I, 19–25
says that the mountain which he Caesar wished should be seized by Labienus, is in possession of the enemy
The Gallic War, Book I, 19–25 · When, at length, the day was far advanced
Caesar Titus Labienus Publius Considius
Caesar learned through spies that the mountain was in possession of his own men, and that the Helvetii had moved their camp, and that Considius, struck with fear, had reported to him, as seen, that which he had not seen.
The Gallic War, Book I, 19–25 · 📍 [[Bibracte]] · The next day
and diverted his march from the Helvetii, and advanced rapidly to Bibracte.
The Gallic War, Book I, 19–25
Caesar, when he observes this, draws off his forces to the next hill, and sent the cavalry to sustain the attack of the enemy.
The Gallic War, Book I, 19–25
Caesar, having removed out of sight first his own horse, then those of all, that he might make the danger of all equal, and do away with the hope of flight, after encouraging his men, joined battle.
The Gallic War, Book I, 26–30
Caesar the daughter of Orgetorix one of the sons of Orgetorix
There the daughter and one of the sons of Orgetorix were taken.
The Gallic War, Book I, 26–30 · 📍 [[the territories of the Lingones]] · on the fourth day
Caesar the Helvetii
and after a march discontinued for no part of the night, arrived in the territories of the Lingones on the fourth day
The Gallic War, Book I, 26–30
Caesar the Lingones
Caesar sent letters and messengers to the Lingones with orders that they should not assist them with corn or with anything else
The Gallic War, Book I, 26–30
the Helvetii Caesar
The Helvetii, compelled by the want of everything, sent ambassadors to him about a surrender.
The Gallic War, Book I, 26–30 · 📍 [[the camp of the Helvetii]] · after a night's interval
Caesar the Verbigene
about 6000 men of that canton which is called the Verbigene, whether terrified by fear, lest, after delivering up their arms, they should suffer punishment, or else induced by the hope of safety, because they supposed that, amid so vast a multitude of those who had surrendered themselves, their flight might either be concealed or entirely overlooked, having at night-fall departed out of the camp of the Helvetii, hastened to the Rhine and the territories of the Germans.
The Gallic War, Book I, 26–30
Caesar the Verbigene
he commanded those through whose territories they had gone, to seek them, out and to bring them back again, if they meant to be acquitted before him; and considered them, when brought back, in the light of enemies
The Gallic War, Book I, 26–30
Caesar the Helvetii the Tulingi the Latobrigi
he admitted all the rest to a surrender, upon their delivering up the hostages, arms, and deserters.
The Gallic War, Book I, 26–30
Caesar the Helvetii the Tulingi the Latobrigi
He ordered the Helvetii, the Tulingi, and the Latobrigi to return to their territories from which they had come
The Gallic War, Book I, 26–30
Caesar the Allobroges the Helvetii the Tulingi the Latobrigi
he commanded the Allobroges to let them have a plentiful supply of corn; and ordered them to rebuild the towns and villages which they had burnt.
The Gallic War, Book I, 26–30 · 📍 [[the Aeduan territories]]
Caesar the Aedui the Boii
He granted the petition of the Aedui, that they might settle the Boii, in their own (i.e. in the Aeduan) territories, as these were known to be of distinguished valour to whom they gave lands, and whom they afterwards admitted to the same state of rights and freedom as themselves.
The Gallic War, Book I, 26–30 · When the war with the Helvetii was concluded
Caesar the chiefs of states
When the war with the Helvetii was concluded, ambassadors from almost all parts of Gaul, the chiefs of states, assembled to congratulate Caesar
The Gallic War, Book I, 31–37
Ariovistus, the king of the Germans, had settled in their territories, and had seized upon a third of their land, which was the best in the whole of Gaul
The Gallic War, Book I, 31–37 · 📍 [[Magetobria]]
no sooner did he defeat the forces of the Gauls in a battle, which took place at Magetobria, than he began to lord it haughtily and cruelly, to demand as hostages the children of all the principal nobles
The Gallic War, Book I, 31–37 · 📍 [[Rome]]
On that account he had fled from his state and had gone to the senate at Rome to beseech aid
The Gallic War, Book I, 31–37
Caesar, on being informed of these things, cheered the minds of the Gauls with his words, and promised that this affair should be an object of his concern
The Gallic War, Book I, 31–37
He therefore determined to send ambassadors to Ariovistus to demand of him to name some intermediate spot for a conference between the two
The Gallic War, Book I, 31–37
Ariovistus replied, that if he himself had had need of anything from Caesar, he would have gone to him; and that if Caesar wanted anything from him he ought to come to him.
The Gallic War, Book I, 31–37
first, that he do not any more bring over any body of men across the Rhine into Gaul; in the next place, that he restore the hostages which he has from the Aedui
The Gallic War, Book I, 31–37
that the Aedui, inasmuch as they had tried the fortune of war and had engaged in arms and been conquered, had become tributaries to him; that Caesar was doing a great injustice, in that by his arrival he was making his revenues less valuable to him; that he should not restore their hostages to the Aedui
The Gallic War, Book I, 31–37
That Caesar might enter the lists when he chose; he would feel what the invincible Germans, well-trained as they were beyond all others to arms, who for fourteen years had not been beneath a roof, could achieve by their valour.
The Gallic War, Book I, 31–37
Having, therefore, as quickly as he could, provided a supply of corn, he hastened to Ariovistus by forced marches.
The Gallic War, Book I, 38–41 · 📍 [[Vesontio]]
Ariovistus was hastening with all his forces to seize on Vesontio
The Gallic War, Book I, 38–41 · 📍 [[Vesontio]]
after having seized the town, stations a garrison there.
The Gallic War, Book I, 38–41 · 📍 [[Vesontio]]
Upon the delivery of this speech, the minds of all were changed in a surprising, manner, and the highest ardour and eagerness for prosecuting the war were engendered
The Gallic War, Book I, 38–41
having had the road carefully reconnoitred by Divitiacus, because in him of all others he had the greatest faith, he found that by a circuitous route of more than fifty miles he might lead his army through open parts
The Gallic War, Book I, 38–41 · in the fourth watch
he then set out in the fourth watch, as he had said he would.
The Gallic War, Book I, 38–41 · On the seventh day
On the seventh day, as he did not discontinue his march, he was informed by scouts that the forces of Ariovistus were only four and twenty miles distant from ours.
The Gallic War, Book I, 42–46
Ariovistus sends ambassadors to him, saying that what he had before requested as to a conference, might now, as far as his permission went, take place
The Gallic War, Book I, 42–46 · The fifth day after that
The fifth day after that was appointed as the day of conference.
The Gallic War, Book I, 42–46 · Meanwhile
Ariovistus demanded that Caesar should not bring any foot-soldier with him to the conference, saying that "he was afraid of being ensnared by him through treachery; that both should come accompanied by cavalry; that he would not come on any other condition." Caesar, as he neither wished that the conference should, by an excuse thrown in the way, be set aside, nor durst trust his life to the cavalry of the Gauls, decided that it would be most expedient to take away from the Gallic cavalry all their horses, and thereon to mount the legionary soldiers of the tenth legion
The Gallic War, Book I, 42–46 · as had been appointed
He then made the same demands which he had commissioned the ambassadors to make, that Ariovistus should not make war either upon the Aedui or their allies, that he should restore the hostages; that, if he could not send back to their country any part of the Germans, he should at all events suffer none of them any more to cross the Rhine.
The Gallic War, Book I, 42–46
And that unless he depart, and withdraw his army from these parts, he shall regard him not as a friend, but as a foe; and that, even if he should put him to death, he should do what would please many of the nobles and leading men of the Roman people
The Gallic War, Book I, 42–46 · While these things are being transacted in the conference
Caesar made an end of his speech and betook himself to his men; and commanded them that they should by no means return a weapon upon the enemy.
The Gallic War, Book I, 47–54 · Two days after
Ariovistus C. Valerius Procillus M. Mettius
He stopped them when attempting to speak, and cast them into chains.
The Gallic War, Book I, 47–54
Thereupon the engagement was renewed, and all the enemy turned their backs, nor did they cease to flee until they arrived at the river Rhine, about fifty miles from that place.
The Gallic War, Book I, 47–54 · 📍 [[river Rhine]]
Among the latter was Ariovistus, who meeting with a small vessel tied to the bank, escaped in it:
The Gallic War, Book I, 47–54
C. Valerius Procillus, as he was being dragged by his guards in the flight, bound with a triple chain, fell into the hands of Caesar himself, as he was pursuing the enemy with his cavalry.
The Gallic War, Book I, 47–54
M. Mettius, also, was found and brought back to him Caesar.
The Gallic War, Book I, 47–54 · 📍 [[Sequani]]
He appointed Labienus over the winter quarters,
The Gallic War, Book II, 1–6
the Remi, who are the nearest of the Belgae to Celtic Gaul, sent to him Iccius and Antebrogius, two of the principal persons of the state, as their ambassadors: to tell him that they surrendered themselves and all their possessions to the protection and disposal of the Roman people:
The Gallic War, Book II, 1–6 · by the day appointed
ordered the whole senate to assemble before him, and the children of their chief men to be brought to him as hostages; all which commands they punctually performed by the day appointed.
The Gallic War, Book II, 1–6 · 📍 [[the Aisne]]
on the other side of the river he leaves Q. Titurus Sabinus, his lieutenant, with six cohorts.
The Gallic War, Book II, 1–6 · 📍 [[Bibrax]] · When night had put an end to the assault
Iccius, who was then in command of the town, one of the Remi, a man of the highest rank and influence amongst his people, and one of those who had come to Caesar as ambassador to sue for a peace, sends messengers to him, to report "That, unless assistance were sent to him, he could not hold out any longer."
The Gallic War, Book II, 7–13 · immediately after midnight
Caesar, using as guides the same persons who had come to him as messengers from Iccius, sends some Numidian and Cretan archers, and some Balearian slingers as a relief to the townspeople
The Gallic War, Book II, 7–13
on either side of that hill he drew a cross trench of about four hundred paces, and at the extremities of that trench built forts, and placed there his military engines
The Gallic War, Book II, 7–13
Caesar, being apprised of this by Titurius, leads all his cavalry and light-armed Numidians, slingers and archers, over the bridge, and hastens towards them.
The Gallic War, Book II, 7–13 · at the second watch
marching out of their camp at the second watch, with great noise and confusion, in no fixed order, nor under any command, since each sought for himself the foremost place in the journey, and hastened to reach home, they made their departure appear very like a flight.
The Gallic War, Book II, 7–13 · At daybreak
Caesar Q. Pedius L. Aurunculeius Cotta Titus Labienus
he sent forward his cavalry to harass their rear; and gave the command of it to two of his lieutenants, Q. Pedius, and L. Aurunculeius Cotta. He ordered T. Labienus, another of his lieutenants, to follow them closely with three legions.
The Gallic War, Book II, 7–13 · for many miles
Caesar Q. Pedius L. Aurunculeius Cotta Titus Labienus
These, attacking their rear, and pursuing them for many miles, slew a great number of them as they were fleeing
The Gallic War, Book II, 7–13 · 📍 [[Noviodunum]] · On the day following
Having attempted to take it by storm on his march, because he heard that it was destitute of sufficient defenders, he was not able to carry it by assault
The Gallic War, Book II, 7–13 · 📍 [[Noviodunum]] · the next night
send ambassadors to Caesar respecting a surrender, and succeed in consequence of the Remi requesting that they the Suessiones might be spared.
The Gallic War, Book II, 7–13 · 📍 [[Bratuspantium]]
all the old men, going out of the town, began to stretch out their hands to Caesar, and to intimate by their voice that they would throw themselves on his protection and power, nor would contend in arms against the Roman people.
The Gallic War, Book II, 14–20
Caesar said that on account of his respect for Divitiacus and the Aeduans, he would receive them into his protection, and would spare them
The Gallic War, Book II, 14–20
he demanded 600 hostages. When these were delivered, and all the arms in the town collected
The Gallic War, Book II, 14–20 · 📍 [[territories of the Ambiani]] · without delay
who, without delay, surrendered themselves and all their possessions.
The Gallic War, Book II, 14–20
The latter being easily routed and thrown into confusion, the Nervii ran down to the river with such incredible speed
The Gallic War, Book II, 21–27
P. Sextius Baculus, a very valiant man, who was so exhausted by many and severe wounds, that he was already unable to support himself;
The Gallic War, Book II, 21–27
having therefore snatched a shield from one of the soldiers in the rear (for he himself had come without a shield), he advanced to the front of the line, and addressing the centurions by name, and encouraging the rest of the soldiers, he ordered them to carry forward the standards, and extend the companies
The Gallic War, Book II, 21–27
directed the tribunes of the soldiers to effect a junction of the legions gradually, and make their charge upon the enemy with a double front
The Gallic War, Book II, 28–35
whom Caesar, that he might appear to use compassion towards the wretched and the suppliant, most carefully spared; and ordered them to enjoy their own territories and towns
The Gallic War, Book II, 28–35 · The day after
The day after, Caesar, after breaking open the gates, which there was no one then to defend, and sending in our soldiers, sold the whole spoil of that town.
The Gallic War, Book II, 28–35 · At the same time
At the same time he was informed by P. Crassus, whom he had sent with one legion against the Veneti, the Unelli, the Osismii, the Curiosolitae, the Sesuvii, the Aulerci, and the Rhedones, which are maritime states, and touch upon the Atlantic ocean, that all these nations were brought under the dominion and power of the Roman people.
The Gallic War, Book II, 28–35 · the beginning of the following summer
Which embassies Caesar, because he was hastening into Italy and Illyricum, ordered to return to him at the beginning of the following summer.
The Gallic War, Book II, 28–35 · 📍 [[Italy]]
He himself, having led his legions into winter-quarters among the Carnutes, the Andes, and the Turones, which states were close to those regions in which he had waged war, set out for Italy;
The Gallic War, Book II, 28–35
a thanksgiving of fifteen days was decreed for those achievements, upon receiving Caesar's letter; an honour which before that time had been conferred on none.
The Gallic War, Book III, 1–7 · When Caesar was setting out for Italy
When Caesar was setting out for Italy, he sent Servius Galba with the twelfth legion and part of the cavalry against the Nantuates, the Veragri, and Seduni, who extend from the territories of the Allobroges, and the lake of Geneva, and the river Rhone to the top of the Alps.
The Gallic War, Book III, 1–7 · 📍 [[Octodurus]]
Galba having fought some successful battles, and stormed several of their forts, upon ambassadors being sent to him from all parts and hostages given and a peace concluded, determined to station two cohorts among the Nantuates, and to winter in person with the other cohorts of that legion in a village of the Veragri, which is called Octodurus;
The Gallic War, Book III, 1–7 · 📍 [[Octodurus]] · in the night
he was suddenly informed by his scouts that all the people had gone off in the night from that part of the town which he had given up to the Gauls, and that the mountains which hung over it were occupied by a very large force of the Sedani and Veragri.
The Gallic War, Book III, 1–7 · When they had now been fighting for more than six hours
Servius Galba P. Sextius Baculus Caius Volusenus Quadratus
P. Sextius Baculus, a centurion of the first rank, whom we have related to have been disabled by severe wounds in the engagement with the Nervii, and also C. Volusenus, a tribune of the soldiers, a man of great skill and valour, hasten to Galba, and assure him that the only hope of safety lay in making a sally, and trying the last resource.
The Gallic War, Book III, 1–7 · 📍 [[Octodurus]] · the next day
having the next day burned all the buildings of that village, he hastens to return into the province; and as no enemy opposed or hindered his march, he brought the legion safe into the country of the Nantuates, thence into that of the Allobroges, and there wintered.
The Gallic War, Book III, 1–7 · 📍 [[Illyricum]] · in the beginning of winter
when he had, therefore, in the beginning of winter, set out for Illyricum, as he wished to visit those nations, and acquire a knowledge of their countries,
The Gallic War, Book III, 1–7 · 📍 [[among the Andes]]
P. Crassus, a young man, had taken up his winter quarters with the seventh legion among the Andes, who border upon the Atlantic ocean.
The Gallic War, Book III, 1–7
P. Crassus T. Terrasidius M. Trebius Gallus Q. Velanius T. Silius
he, as there was a scarcity of corn in those parts, sent out some officers of cavalry and several military tribunes amongst the neighbouring states, for the purpose of procuring corn and provision; in which number T. Terrasidius was sent amongst the Esubii; M. Trebius Gallus amongst the Curiosolitae; Q. Velanius, with T. Silius, amongst the Veneti.
The Gallic War, Book III, 8–13
Caesar, being informed of these things by Crassus, since he was so far distant himself, orders ships of war to be built in the meantime on the river Loire
The Gallic War, Book III, 8–13 · 📍 [[the Treviri]]
He therefore sends T. Labienus, his lieutenant, with the cavalry to the Treviri, who are nearest to the river Rhine.
The Gallic War, Book III, 8–13 · 📍 [[Aquitania]]
He orders P. Crassus to proceed into Aquitania with twelve legionary cohorts and a great number of the cavalry
The Gallic War, Book III, 8–13 · 📍 [[among the Unelli, the Curiosolitae, and the Lexovii]]
He sends Q. Titurius Sabinus, his lieutenant, with three legions, among the Unelli, the Curiosolitae, and the Lexovii
The Gallic War, Book III, 8–13
He appoints D. Brutus, a young man, over the fleet and those Gallic vessels which he had ordered to be furnished by the Pictones and the Santoni, and the other provinces which remained at peace; and commands him to proceed towards the Veneti, as soon as he could.
The Gallic War, Book III, 14–21
It happened, by the advantage of situation, by the unskilfulness and the fatigue of the enemy, by the valour of our soldiers, and their experience in former battles, that they could not stand one attack of our men, and immediately turned their backs:
The Gallic War, Book III, 14–21 · immediately
and all the states immediately surrendered themselves to Titurius:
The Gallic War, Book III, 22–29
Adcantuannus, I say endeavouring to make a sally with these, when our soldiers had rushed together to arms, upon a shout being raised at that part of the fortification, and a fierce battle had been fought there, was driven back into the town, yet he obtained from Crassus the indulgence that he should enjoy the same terms of surrender as the other inhabitants.
The Gallic War, Book III, 22–29 · the next day
This matter being brought to a council, when he discovered that all thought the same thing, he appointed the next day for the fight.
The Gallic War, Book III, 22–29
The enemy, surrounded on all sides, and all their affairs being despaired of, made great attempts to cast themselves down over the ramparts and to seek safety in flight.
The Gallic War, Book III, 22–29
Having heard of this battle, the greatest part of Aquitania surrendered itself to Crassus, and of its own accord sent hostages
The Gallic War, Book IV, 9–15 · In that encounter
Caesar Piso
When at length he fell, surrounded on all sides and after receiving many wounds, and his brother, who had then retired from the fight, observed it from a distance, he spurred on his horse, threw himself upon the enemy, and was killed.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 9–15 · 📍 [[the camp]] · on the morning of the next day
Caesar Germans
Caesar, rejoicing that they had fallen into his power, ordered them to be detained.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 9–15 · 📍 [[the camp of the enemy]]
Caesar Germans
our soldiers, excited by the treachery of the preceding day, rushed into the camp:
The Gallic War, Book IV, 9–15 · 📍 [[the river]]
Germans
the survivors despairing of farther escape, as a great number of their countrymen had been killed, threw themselves into the river and there perished, overcome by fear, fatigue, and the violence of the stream.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 9–15 · 📍 [[the camp]] · After the alarm of so great a war
Caesar granted those whom he had detained in the camp liberty of departing.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 9–15 · 📍 [[the camp]]
They however, dreading revenge and torture from the Gauls, whose lands they had harassed, said that they desired to remain with him. Caesar granted them permission.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 16–21 · 📍 [[the Rhine]] · Within ten days after the timber began to be collected
Within ten days after the timber began to be collected, the whole work was completed, and the whole army led over.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 16–21 · 📍 [[the territories of the Sigambri]] · In the meantime
Caesar, leaving a strong guard at each end of the bridge, hastens into the territories of the Sigambri. In the meantime ambassadors from several nations come to him, whom, on their suing for peace and alliance, he answers in a courteous manner, and orders hostages to be brought to him. But the Sigambri, at the very time the bridge was begun to be built, made preparations for a flight (by the advice of such of the Tenchtheri and Usipetes as they had amongst them), and quitted their territories and conveyed away all their possessions, and concealed themselves in deserts and woods.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 16–21 · 📍 [[the territories of the Sigambri]] · a few days
Caesar, having remained in their territories a few days, and burnt all their villages and houses, and cut down their corn, proceeded into the territories of the Ubii;
The Gallic War, Book IV, 16–21 · 📍 [[the territories of the Ubii]] · altogether eighteen days beyond the Rhine
When Caesar discovered this, having already accomplished all those things on account of which he had resolved to lead his army over, namely, to strike fear into the Germans, take vengeance on the Sigambri, and free the Ubii from the invasion of the Suevi, having spent altogether eighteen days beyond the Rhine, and thinking he had advanced far enough to serve both honour and interest, he returned into Gaul, and cut down the bridge.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 16–21 · 📍 [[Britain]] · During the short part of summer which remained
During the short part of summer which remained, Caesar, although in these countries, as all Gaul lies towards the north, the winters are early, nevertheless resolved to proceed into Britain, because he discovered that in almost all the wars with the Gauls succours had been furnished to our enemy from that country;
The Gallic War, Book IV, 16–21 · 📍 [[Britain]]
Caesar Caius Volusenus Quadratus
He sends before him Caius Volusenus with a ship of war, to acquire a knowledge of these particulars before he in person should make a descent into the island, as he was convinced that this was a judicious measure.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 16–21 · 📍 [[the Morini]] · In the meantime
In the meantime, his purpose having been discovered, and reported to the Britons by merchants, ambassadors come to him from several states of the island, to promise that they will give hostages, and submit to the government of the Roman people.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 16–21
Having given them an audience, he after promising liberally, and exhorting them to continue in that purpose, sends them back to their own country, and despatches with them Commius, whom, upon subduing the Atrebates, he had created king there, a man whose courage and conduct he esteemed, and who he thought would be faithful to him, and whose influence ranked highly in those countries.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 16–21 · on the fifth day
Caius Volusenus Quadratus Caesar
Volusenus, having viewed the localities as far as means could be afforded one who dared not leave his ship and trust himself to barbarians, returns to Caesar on the fifth day, and reports what he had there observed.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 22–29
imposes a large number of hostages; and when these were brought, he received them to his protection.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 22–29
Caesar Q. Titurius Sabinus L. Aurunculeius Cotta
the rest of the army he delivered to Q. Titurius Sabinus and L. Aurunculeius Cotta, his lieutenants, to lead into the territories of the Menapii and those cantons of the Morini from which ambassadors had not come to him.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 22–29
He ordered P. Sulpicius Rufus, his lieutenant, to hold possession of the harbour, with such a garrison as he thought sufficient.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 22–29
Caesar, complaining that after they had sued for peace, and had voluntarily sent ambassadors into the continent for that purpose, they had made war without a reason, said that he would pardon their indiscretion, and imposed hostages
The Gallic War, Book IV, 22–29 · 📍 [[Britain]] · four days after we had come into Britain
A peace being established by these proceedings four days after we had come into Britain
The Gallic War, Book IV, 30–38 · the same day
Caesar doubled the number of hostages which he had before demanded
The Gallic War, Book IV, 30–38 · 📍 [[Britain]] · a little after midnight
Having met with favourable weather he set sail a little after midnight, and all his fleet arrived safe at the continent
The Gallic War, Book IV, 30–38
Caesar most seasonably brought assistance; for upon his arrival the enemy paused, and our men recovered from their fear
The Gallic War, Book IV, 30–38
When the action commenced, the enemy were unable to sustain the attack of our men long, and turned their backs
The Gallic War, Book IV, 30–38 · The day following
The day following Caesar sent Labienus, his lieutenant, with those legions which he had brought back from Britain, against the Morini, who had revolted; who, as they had no place to which they might retreat, on account of the drying up of their marshes (which they had availed themselves of as a place of refuge the preceding year), almost all fell into the power of Labienus.
The Gallic War, Book IV, 30–38 · In the meantime
Q. Titurius Sabinus L. Aurunculeius Cotta
Caesar's lieutenants, Q. Titurius and L. Cotta, who had led the legions into the territories of the Menapii, having laid waste all their lands, cut down their corn and burnt their houses
The Gallic War, Book IV, 30–38
Caesar fixed the winter quarters of all the legions amongst the Belgae.
The Gallic War, Book V, 1–6 · 📍 [[Illyricum]]
Caesar, accepting their defence, demands hostages, and orders them to be brought to him on a specified day
The Gallic War, Book V, 1–6 · 📍 [[the territories of the Treviri]]
He himself proceeds into the territories of the Treviri with four legions without baggage, and 800 horse, because they neither came to the general diets of Gaul, nor obeyed his commands, and were, moreover, said to be tampering with the Germans beyond the Rhine.
The Gallic War, Book V, 1–6
assures him that he and all his party would continue in their allegiance, and not revolt from the alliance of the Roman people
The Gallic War, Book V, 1–6
ordered Indutiomarus to come to him with 200 hostages. When these were brought, and among them his son and near relations whom he had demanded by name
The Gallic War, Book V, 1–6
he consoled Indutiomarus, and enjoined him to continue in his allegiance
The Gallic War, Book V, 1–6
summoning to him the chief men of the Treviri, he reconciled them individually to Cingetorix
The Gallic War, Book V, 1–6
he began to tamper with the chief persons of the Gauls, to call them apart singly and exhort them to remain on the continent
The Gallic War, Book V, 7–14 · 📍 [[the continent]]
Labienus, left on the continent with three legions and 2000 horse, to defend the harbours and provide corn, and discover what was going on in Gaul, and take measures according to the occasion and according to the circumstance
The Gallic War, Book V, 7–14 · 📍 [[Britain]] · at sunset
he himself, with five legions and a number of horse, equal to that which he was leaving on the continent, set sail at sunset
The Gallic War, Book V, 7–14
and he placed Q. Atrius over the guard of the ships.
The Gallic War, Book V, 7–14 · the preceding night
the preceding night, a very great storm having arisen, almost all the ships were dashed to pieces and cast upon the shore
The Gallic War, Book V, 7–14 · 📍 [[the continent]]
he writes to Labienus to build as many ships as he could with those legions which were with him.
The Gallic War, Book V, 7–14 · At an earlier period
At an earlier period perpetual wars had taken place between him and the other states
The Gallic War, Book V, 7–14
the Britons had placed him over the whole war and the conduct of it.
The Gallic War, Book V, 15–22 · 📍 [[the river Thames]]
the enemy could not sustain the attack of the legions and of the horse, and quitted the banks, and committed themselves to flight.
The Gallic War, Book V, 15–22
whose father, Imanuentius, had possessed the sovereignty in that state, and had been killed by Cassivellaunus
The Gallic War, Book V, 15–22 · 📍 [[the continent of Gaul]]
the young man Mandubratius embracing the protection of Caesar had come to the continent of Gaul to meet him
The Gallic War, Book V, 15–22
They speedily performed the things demanded, and sent hostages to the number appointed, and the corn.
The Gallic War, Book V, 15–22
the Cenimagni, the Segontiaci, the Ancalites, the Bibroci, and the Cassi, sending embassies, surrender themselves to Caesar.
The Gallic War, Book V, 15–22
A great amount of cattle was found there, and many of the enemy were taken and slain in their flight.
The Gallic War, Book V, 15–22 · 📍 [[Kent]]
Cassivellaunus Cingetorix (king in Kent) Carvilius Taximagulus Segonax
Cassivellaunus sends messengers into Kent, which, we have observed above, is on the sea, over which districts four several kings reigned, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, and Segonax, and commands them to collect all their forces, and unexpectedly assail and storm the naval camp.
The Gallic War, Book V, 15–22 · 📍 [[the naval camp]]
Cingetorix (king in Kent) Carvilius Taximagulus Segonax
slaying many of their men, and also capturing a distinguished leader named Lugotorix, brought back their own men in safety.
The Gallic War, Book V, 15–22
being alarmed most of all by the desertion of the states, sends ambassadors to Caesar to treat about a surrender
The Gallic War, Book V, 15–22
Caesar Cassivellaunus Mandubratius
demands hostages, and prescribes what tribute Britain should pay each year to the Roman people; he forbids and commands Cassivellaunus that he wage not war against Mandubratius or the Trinobantes.
The Gallic War, Book V, 23–28
after he had weighed anchor at the beginning of the second watch, he reached land at break of day and brought in all the ships in safety.
The Gallic War, Book V, 23–28 · 📍 [[Samarobriva]] · that year
Caesar Caius Fabius Quintus Tullius Cicero Lucius Roscius Titus Labienus M. Crassus (quaestor) L. Munatius Plancus Caius Trebonius Q. Titurius Sabinus L. Aurunculeius Cotta
he was compelled to station his army in its winter-quarters, differently from the former years, and to distribute the legions among several states: one of them he gave to C. Fabius, his lieutenant, to be marched into the territories of the Morini; a second to Q. Cicero, into those of the Nervii; a third to L. Roscius, into those of the Essui; a fourth he ordered to winter with T. Labienus among the Remi in the confines of the Treviri; he stationed three in Belgium; over these he appointed M. Crassus, his questor, and L. Munatius Plancus and C. Trebonius, his lieutenants. One legion which he had raised last on the other side of the Po, and five cohorts, he sent amongst the Eburones
The Gallic War, Book V, 23–28
Caesar Q. Titurius Sabinus L. Aurunculeius Cotta
He ordered Q. Titurius Sabinus and L. Aurunculeius Cotta, his lieutenants, to take the command of these soldiers.
The Gallic War, Book V, 23–28 · 📍 [[Gaul]] · in the meanwhile
He himself in the meanwhile, until he had stationed the legions and knew that the several winter-quarters were fortified, determined to stay in Gaul.
The Gallic War, Book V, 23–28 · 📍 [[among the Carnutes]] · when in the third year of his reign
His personal enemies had killed him when in the third year of his reign, many even of his own state being openly promoters of that act.
The Gallic War, Book V, 23–28 · 📍 [[the Carnutes]]
Caesar L. Munatius Plancus Tasgetius
orders Lucius Plancus, with a legion, to proceed quickly from Belgium to the Carnutes, and winter there, and arrest and send to him the persons by whose instrumentality he should discover that Tasgetius was slain.
The Gallic War, Book V, 23–28 · 📍 [[the borders of their kingdom]] · About fifteen days after they had come into winter-quarters
Q. Titurius Sabinus L. Aurunculeius Cotta Ambiorix Cativolcus
the beginning of a sudden insurrection and revolt arose from Ambiorix and Cativolcus, who, though they had met with Sabinus and Cotta at the borders of their kingdom, and had conveyed corn into our winter-quarters, induced by the messages of Indutiomarus, one of the Treviri, excited their people, and after having suddenly assailed the soldiers, engaged in procuring wood, came with a large body to attack the camp.
The Gallic War, Book V, 23–28
Q. Titurius Sabinus L. Aurunculeius Cotta Ambiorix
that he warned, that he prayed Titurius by the claims of hospitality, to consult for his and his soldiers' safety; that a large force of the Germans had been hired and had passed the Rhine; that it would arrive in two days; that it was for them to consider whether they thought fit, before the nearest people perceived it, to lead off their soldiers when drawn out of winter-quarters, either to Cicero or to Labienus
The Gallic War, Book V, 23–28
C. Arpineius Q. Junius Q. Titurius Sabinus L. Aurunculeius Cotta
Arpineius and Junius relate to the lieutenants what they had heard.
The Gallic War, Book V, 23–28
Q. Titurius Sabinus L. Aurunculeius Cotta
Accordingly, they refer the matter to a council, and a, great controversy arises among them.
The Gallic War, Book V, 29–37 · At last
L. Aurunculeius Cotta Q. Titurius Sabinus
At last Cotta, being overruled, yields his assent; the opinion of Sabinus prevails.
The Gallic War, Book V, 29–37 · At break of day
Q. Titurius Sabinus L. Aurunculeius Cotta
At break of day they quit the camp, in a very extended line and with a very large amount of baggage
The Gallic War, Book V, 29–37
Ambiorix Q. Titurius Sabinus L. Aurunculeius Cotta
they suddenly presented themselves on either side of that valley, and began both to harass the rear and hinder the van from ascending, and to give battle in a place exceedingly disadvantageous to our men.
The Gallic War, Book V, 29–37
Q. Lucanius, of the same rank, fighting most valiantly, is slain while he assists his son when surrounded by the enemy;
The Gallic War, Book V, 29–37
Q. Titurius, when he had perceived Ambiorix in the distance encouraging his men, sends to him his interpreter, Cn. Pompey, to beg that he would spare him and his soldiers.
The Gallic War, Book V, 29–37
that to him however certainly no injury would be done, and that he pledged his faith to that effect.
The Gallic War, Book V, 29–37
L. Aurunculeius Cotta Ambiorix
Cotta says he will not go to an armed enemy, and in that perseveres.
The Gallic War, Book V, 29–37
being ordered to throw down his arms, he obeys the order and commands his men to do the same.
The Gallic War, Book V, 29–37
while they treat upon the terms, and a longer debate than necessary is designedly entered into by Ambiorix, being surrounded by degrees, he is slain.
The Gallic War, Book V, 29–37
There L. Cotta, while fighting, is slain, together with the greater part of the soldiers;
The Gallic War, Book V, 29–37 · in the night
despairing of safety, they all to a man destroy themselves in the night.
The Gallic War, Book V, 38–44 · the next day
He easily gains over the Nervii by this speech.
The Gallic War, Book V, 38–44
they assemble as large bodies as they can, and rush unexpectedly to the winter-quarters of Cicero
The Gallic War, Book V, 38–44 · During the night
During the night as many as 120 towers are raised with incredible despatch out of the timber which they had collected for the purpose of fortification
The Gallic War, Book V, 38–44
that it is not the custom of the Roman people to accept any condition from an armed enemy: if they are willing to lay down their arms, they may employ him as their advocate and send ambassadors to Caesar
The Gallic War, Book V, 38–44 · On the seventh day of the attack
The flame having abated a little, and a tower having been brought up in a particular place and touching the rampart
The Gallic War, Book V, 38–44 · When the fight was going on most vigorously before the fortifications
His rival runs up to him and succours him in this emergency.
The Gallic War, Book V, 45–52 · in the beginning of the blockade
Vertico Quintus Tullius Cicero
who in the beginning of the blockade had deserted to Cicero, and had exhibited his fidelity to him.
The Gallic War, Book V, 45–52 · 📍 [[Samarobriva]]
He appoints Crassus over Samarobriva and assigns him a legion
The Gallic War, Book V, 45–52
sends back a letter to Caesar, informing him with what great hazard he would lead out his legion from winter-quarters
The Gallic War, Book V, 45–52
He writes in the letter, that he having set out with his legions, will quickly be there: he entreats him to maintain his ancient valour.
The Gallic War, Book V, 45–52 · about the middle of the night
he writes in the letter that the enemy had departed and had turned their entire force against him.
The Gallic War, Book V, 45–52 · the same day
reaches Cicero the same day with all his forces safe.
The Gallic War, Book V, 45–52
he commends Cicero according to his desert and likewise the legion
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58 · 📍 [[the country of the Treviri]] · by night
Indutiormarus, who had resolved to attack the camp of Labienus the following day, flies by night and leads back all his forces into the country of the Treviri.
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58
Caesar sends back Fabius with his legion to his winter-quarters;
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58 · 📍 [[near Samarobriva]] · during the whole winter
he himself determines to winter with three legions near Samarobriva in three different quarters, and, because such great commotions had arisen in Gaul, he resolved to remain during the whole winter with the army himself.
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58 · during the whole winter
he is informed by L. Roscius, the lieutenant whom he had placed over the thirteenth legion, that large forces of those states of the Gauls, which are called the Armoricae, had assembled for the purpose of attacking him and were not more than eight miles distant; but intelligence respecting the victory of Caesar being carried to them, had retreated in such a manner that their departure appeared like a flight.
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58 · 📍 [[the frontiers of the state]]
when he discovered their plot and fled, pursued him even to the frontiers of the state, and drove him from his kingdom and his home;
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58
when he ordered all their senate to come to him, did not obey that command.
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58 · 📍 [[the Rhine]] · the entire winter
But the Treviri and Indutiomarus let no part of the entire winter pass without sending ambassadors across the Rhine, importuning the states, promising money, and asserting that, as a large portion of our army had been cut off, a much smaller portion remained. However, none of the German states could be induced to cross the Rhine
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58
Indutiomarus disappointed in this expectation, nevertheless began to raise troops, and discipline them, and procure horses from the neighbouring people and allure to him by great rewards the outlaws and convicts throughout Gaul.
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58 · In that council
In that council he declares Cingetorix, the leader of the other faction, his own son-in-law (whom we have above mentioned, as having embraced the protection of Caesar, and never having deserted him) an enemy and confiscates his property.
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58 · 📍 [[the territories of the Remi]] · before he does that
he asserts in the council that he, invited by the Senones and the Carnutes, and several other states of Gaul, was about to march thither through the territories of the Remi, devastate their lands, and attack the camp of Labienus:
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58
the speech of Indutiomarus, which he had delivered in the council, having been made known to him by Cingetorix and his allies,
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58
he sends messengers to the neighbouring states and summons horse from all quarters: he appoints to them a fixed day for assembling.
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58 · 📍 [[the very ford of the river]] · towards evening
Indutiomarus is slain, having been overtaken at the very ford of the river, and his head is carried to the camp:
The Gallic War, Book V, 53–58 · for a short time after this action
for a short time after this action, Caesar was less harassed in the government of Gaul.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 1–7 · before the winter had expired
Caesar having quickly completed the levy by means of his lieutenants, after three legions had been both formed and brought to him before the winter had expired, and the number of those cohorts which he had lost under Q. Titurius had been doubled,
The Gallic War, Book VI, 1–7 · 📍 [[the territories of the Nervii]] · while the winter was not yet ended
after capturing a large number of cattle and of men, and wasting their lands and giving up that booty to the soldiers, compelled them to enter into a surrender and give him hostages.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 1–7 · 📍 [[Lutetia of the Parisii]] · in the beginning of the spring
he transfers the council to Lutetia of the Parisii.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 1–7 · 📍 [[the Senones]]
Caesar readily grants them pardon and receives their excuse at the request of the Aedui; because he thought that the summer season was one for an impending war, not for an investigation. Having imposed one hundred hostages, he delivers these to the Aedui to be held in charge by them.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 1–7
To the same place the Carnutes send ambassadors and hostages, employing as their mediators the Remi, under whose protection they were: they receive the same answers.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 1–7 · 📍 [[the territories of the Treviri]]
he sends the baggage of the whole army to Labienus, in the territories of the Treviri and orders two legions to proceed to him;
The Gallic War, Book VI, 1–7 · 📍 [[the Menapii]]
enters their country in three divisions, burns their houses and villages, and gets possession of a large number of cattle and men.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 1–7 · 📍 [[the Menapii]]
He, after receiving hostages, assures them that he will consider them in the number of his enemies if they shall receive within their territories either Ambiorix or his ambassadors.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 1–7 · by night
he orders the camp to be moved with greater noise and confusion than was usual with the Roman people. By these means he makes his departure appear, like a retreat.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 8–12 · a few days after
Labienus pursuing them with the cavalry, upon a large number being slain, and several taken prisoners, got possession of the state a few days after
The Gallic War, Book VI, 8–12
The supreme power and government were delivered to Cingetorix, whom we have stated to have remained firm in his allegiance from the commencement.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 8–12
Caesar, after he came from the territories of the Menapii into those of the Treviri, resolved for two reasons to cross the Rhine; one of which was, because they had sent assistance to the Treviri against him; the other, that Ambiorix might not have a retreat among them.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 8–12 · in a few days
The plan having been known and laid down, the work is accomplished in a few days by the great exertion of the soldiers. Having left a strong guard at the bridge on the side of the Treviri, lest any commotion should suddenly arise among them, he leads over the rest of the forces and the cavalry.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 8–12 · a few days after
Having investigated the case, Caesar finds that the auxiliaries had been sent by the Suevi; he accepts the apology of the Ubii
The Gallic War, Book VI, 8–12 · a few days having intervened
all the Suevi, after certain intelligence concerning the army of the Romans had come, retreated with all their own forces and those of their allies, which they had assembled, to the utmost extremities of their territories
The Gallic War, Book VI, 8–12 · When Caesar arrived in Gaul
A change of affairs ensued on the arrival of Caesar, the hostages were returned to the Aedui, their old dependencies restored, and new acquired through Caesar
The Gallic War, Book VI, 22–29
having led back his army, he breaks down, to the length of 200 feet, the farther end of the bridge
The Gallic War, Book VI, 22–29
at the extremity of the bridge raises towers of four stories, and stations a guard of twelve cohorts for the purpose of defending the bridge, and strengthens the place with considerable fortifications.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 22–29
Over that fort and guard he appointed C. Volcatius Tullus, a young man;
The Gallic War, Book VI, 22–29 · when the corn began to ripen
Caesar Lucius Minucius Basilus
he sends forward L. Minucius Basilus with all the cavalry, to try if he might gain any advantage by rapid marches and the advantage of time
The Gallic War, Book VI, 30–36
Lucius Minucius Basilus Ambiorix
he fell upon Ambiorix himself unguarded and unprepared, and that his arrival was seen by the people before the report or information of his arrival was carried thither; so it was an incident of extraordinary fortune that, although every implement of war which he was accustomed to have about him was seized, and his chariots and horses surprised, yet he himself escaped death.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 30–36
certainly, despatching messengers through the country, he ordered every one to provide for himself
The Gallic War, Book VI, 30–36
Cativolcus, king of one-half of the Eburones, who had entered into the design together with Ambiorix, since, being now worn out by age, he was unable to endure the fatigue either of war or flight, having cursed Ambiorix with every imprecation, as the person who had been the contriver of that measure, destroyed himself with the juice of the yew tree
The Gallic War, Book VI, 30–36
he assures them that if they did that, he will not injure their territories.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 30–36 · 📍 [[Aduatuca]]
He left the fourteenth legion as a guard for the baggage, one of those three which he had lately raised in Italy and brought over. Over that legion and camp he places Q. Tullius Cicero and gives him 200 horse.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 30–36
Having divided the army, he orders T. Labienus to proceed with three legions towards the ocean into those parts which border on the Menappii
The Gallic War, Book VI, 30–36
he sends C. Trebonius with a like number of legions to lay waste that district which lies contiguous to the Aduatuci
The Gallic War, Book VI, 30–36
Caesar despatches messengers to the neighbouring states; by the hope of booty he invites all to him, for the purpose of plundering the Eburones
The Gallic War, Book VI, 30–36 · on the seventh day
sent five cohorts into the neighbouring cornlands, between which and the camp only one hill intervened, for the purpose of foraging.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 37–44
Sextius faints, after receiving many wounds; he is with difficulty saved, drawn away by the hands of the soldiers.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 37–44
but he rescued himself by means of lurking-places and forests, and, concealed by the night, made for other districts and quarters, with no greater guard than that of four horsemen, to whom alone he ventured to confide his life.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 37–44 · 📍 [[Durocortorum of the Remi]]
Having devastated the country in such a manner, Caesar leads back his army with the loss of two cohorts to Durocortorum of the Remi
The Gallic War, Book VI, 37–44 · 📍 [[Durocortorum of the Remi]]
having summoned a council of Gaul to assemble at that place, he resolved to hold an investigation respecting the conspiracy of the Senones and Carnutes, and having pronounced a most severe sentence upon Acco, who had been the contriver of that plot, he punished him after the custom of our ancestors.
The Gallic War, Book VI, 37–44
he stationed in winter quarters two legions at the frontiers of the Treviri, two among the Lingones, the remaining six at Agendicum, in the territories of the Senones; and, having provided corn for the army, he set out for Italy, as he had determined, to hold the assizes.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 1–8 · 📍 [[Genabum]] · at sunrise
and slay the Roman citizens who had settled there for the purpose of trading (among the rest, Caius Fusius Cita, a distinguished Roman knight, who by Caesar's orders had presided over the provision department)
The Gallic War, Book VII, 1–8 · 📍 [[Gaul]]
whose father had held the supremacy of entire Gaul, and had been put to death by his fellow citizens, for this reason, because he aimed at sovereign power
The Gallic War, Book VII, 1–8 · 📍 [[Gergovia]]
he is expelled from the town of Gergovia by his uncle Gobanitio and the rest of the nobles
The Gallic War, Book VII, 1–8
having assembled great forces he drives from the state his opponents, by whom he had been expelled a short time previously.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 1–8 · 📍 [[the territory of the Ruteni]]
he sends Lucterius, one of the Cadurci, a man of the utmost daring, with part of his forces, into the territory of the Ruteni;
The Gallic War, Book VII, 1–8 · 📍 [[the country of the Ruteni]] · In the meantime
Lucterius the Cadurcan, having been sent into the country of the Ruteni, gains over that state to the Arverni.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 1–8 · 📍 [[the country of the Nitiobriges, and Gabali]] · In the meantime
Having advanced into the country of the Nitiobriges, and Gabali, he receives hostages from both nations
The Gallic War, Book VII, 1–8 · 📍 [[Narbo]] · When he arrived there
When he arrived there, he encourages the timid, and stations garrisons among the Ruteni, in the province of the Volcae Arecomici, and the country around Narbo which was in the vicinity of the enemy;
The Gallic War, Book VII, 1–8 · 📍 [[the territories of the Arverni]] · as it was the severest season of the year
yet having cleared away the snow to the depth of six feet, and having opened the roads, he reaches the territories of the Arverni, with infinite labour to his soldiers.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 1–8 · 📍 [[the country of the Arverni]] · Being prevailed upon by their entreaties
Being prevailed upon by their entreaties he moves his camp from the country of the Bituriges in the direction of the Arverni.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 9–14
he places Brutus, a young man, in command of these forces
The Gallic War, Book VII, 9–14 · 📍 [[Gergovia]]
Vercingetorix, when he ascertained the arrival of Caesar, desisted from the siege of Gergovia, and marched to meet Caesar.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 9–14 · 📍 [[Vellaunodunum]] · on the third day
on the third day, ambassadors being sent from the town to treat of a capitulation, he orders their arms to be brought together, their cattle to be brought forth, and six hundred hostages to be given.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 9–14 · 📍 [[Vellaunodunum]]
He leaves Caius Trebonius, his lieutenant, to complete these arrangements
The Gallic War, Book VII, 9–14 · 📍 [[Genabum]] · before midnight
He pillages and burns the town, gives the booty to the soldiers
The Gallic War, Book VII, 9–14 · 📍 [[Noviodunum]]
he orders their arms to be collected, their horses to be brought forth, and hostages to be given.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 9–14 · 📍 [[Noviodunum]]
When they were routed, the townsmen, again intimidated, arrested those persons by whose exertions they thought that the mob had been roused, and brought them to Caesar, and surrendered themselves to him.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 9–14
the villages and houses ought to be fired, over such an extent of country in every direction from Boia, as the Romans appeared capable of scouring in their search for forage.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 15–20 · in one day
This opinion having been approved of by unanimous consent, more than twenty towns of the Bituriges are burnt in one day.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 15–20 · 📍 [[Avaricum]]
Permission being granted to them at their earnest request, Vercingetorix at first dissuades them from it, but afterwards concedes the point, owing to their entreaties and the compassion of the soldiers.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 15–20 · 📍 [[Avaricum]]
whenever they were compelled to go to a greater distance, he attacked them when dispersed, and inflicted severe loss upon them;
The Gallic War, Book VII, 15–20 · 📍 [[Avaricum]]
Caesar pitching his camp at that side of the town which was not defended by the river and marsh, and had a very narrow approach, as we have mentioned, began to raise the vineae and erect two towers;
The Gallic War, Book VII, 15–20 · on the same day
Having thus consoled his soldiers, he leads them back on the same day to the camp, and determined to prepare the other things which were necessary for the siege of the town.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 15–20 · when he had returned to his men
Vercingetorix, when he had returned to his men, was accused of treason, in that he had moved his camp nearer the Romans,
The Gallic War, Book VII, 15–20
They being previously instructed in what answers they should make when examined, say, "That they were legionary soldiers, that, urged by famine and want, they had recently gone forth from the camp, to see if they could find any corn or cattle in the fields; that the whole army was distressed by a similar scarcity, nor had any one now sufficient strength, nor could bear the labour of the work; and therefore that the general was determined, if he made no progress in the siege, to draw off his army in three days."
The Gallic War, Book VII, 21–27 · in twenty-five days
in twenty-five days raised a mound three hundred and thirty feet broad and eighty feet high.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 21–27 · the next day
The Gauls having tried every expedient, as nothing had succeeded, adopted the design of fleeing from the town the next day, by the advice and order of Vercingetorix. They hoped that, by attempting it at the dead of night, they would effect it without any great loss of men,
The Gallic War, Book VII, 21–27 · The next day
He drew up his soldiers in a secret position within the vineae, and exhorts them to reap, at least, the harvest of victory proportionate to their exertions. He proposed a reward for those who should first scale the walls, and gave the signal to the soldiers. They suddenly flew out from all quarters and quickly filled the wall.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 28–35 · 📍 [[Avaricum]] · the night being now far spent
Finally, out of all that number, which amounted to about forty thousand, scarcely eight hundred, who fled from the town when they heard the first alarm, reached Vercingetorix in safety: and he, the night being now far spent, received them in silence after their flight
The Gallic War, Book VII, 28–35 · on the following day
Vercingetorix having convened an assembly on the following day, consoled and encouraged his soldiers
The Gallic War, Book VII, 28–35 · on this occasion, for the first time
on this occasion, for the first time, the Gauls began to fortify their camps
The Gallic War, Book VII, 28–35 · In the meantime
In the meantime, Teutomarus, the son of Ollovicon, the king of the Nitiobriges, whose father had received the appellation of friend from our senate, came to him with a great number of his own horse and those whom he had hired from Aquitania.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 28–35 · 📍 [[Avaricum]] · after delaying several days at Avaricum
Caesar, after delaying several days at Avaricum, and finding there the greatest plenty of corn and other provisions, refreshed his army after their fatigue and privation.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 28–35 · 📍 [[Decetia]] · When almost all the state had assembled there
he compelled Cotus to resign his office; he ordered Convictolitanis, who had been elected by the priests, according to the usage of the state, in the presence of the magistrates, to hold the supreme authority.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 28–35
he gave Labienus four legions to lead into the country of the Senones and Parisii
The Gallic War, Book VII, 28–35 · 📍 [[Allier]] · the next day
the next day he stopped behind with two legions in a secret place: he sent on the rest of the forces as usual, with all the baggage, after having selected some cohorts, that the number of the legions might appear to be complete.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 28–35 · 📍 [[Allier]] · on ascertaining this fact
Vercingetorix, on ascertaining this fact, went before him by forced marches, in order that he might not be compelled to come to an action against his will.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 36–41 · 📍 [[Gergovia]] · in the silence of night
however, Caesar set out from the camp in the silence of night, and dislodging the garrison before succour could come from the town, he got possession of the place and posted two legions there
The Gallic War, Book VII, 36–41
Convictolitanis, the Aeduan, to whom we have observed the magistracy was adjudged by Caesar, being bribed by the Arverni, holds a conference with certain young men, the chief of whom were Litavicus and his brothers
The Gallic War, Book VII, 36–41
It was resolved that Litavicus should have the command of the ten thousand which were being sent to Caesar for the war, and should have charge of them on their march
The Gallic War, Book VII, 36–41 · 📍 [[Gergovia]] · about thirty miles distant from Gergovia
Eporedorix Viridomarus Litavicus
Eporedorix and Viridomarus, the principal men of the state, being accused of treason, have been slain by the Romans without even permission to plead their cause.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 36–41
He points to the Roman citizens, who had accompanied them, in reliance on his protection. He immediately seizes a great quantity of corn and provisions, cruelly tortures them, and then puts them to death
The Gallic War, Book VII, 36–41 · almost at midnight
Eporedorix, on learning the design of Litavicus, lays the matter before Caesar almost at midnight
The Gallic War, Book VII, 36–41
He leaves Caius Fabius, his lieutenant, with two legions to guard the camp.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 36–41
Caesar Eporedorix Viridomarus Litavicus
When they were recognized and the treachery of Litavicus discovered, the Aedui began to extend their hands to intimate submission, and, laying down their arms, to deprecate death.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 36–41 · 📍 [[Gergovia]]
Litavicus, with his clansmen, who after the custom of the Gauls consider it a crime to desert their patrons, even in extreme misfortune, flees forth to Gergovia.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 36–41
to inform them that they whom he could have put to death by the right of war were spared through his kindness
The Gallic War, Book VII, 36–41 · on the following day
Fabius, at their departure, leaving only two gates open, was blocking up the rest, and was adding breast-works to the ramparts, and was preparing himself for a similar casualty on the following day.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 42–48
that they were all summoned by Vercingetorix to fortify this place.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 42–48 · 📍 [[Gergovia]] · At dawn
The suspicions of the Gauls are increased, and all their forces are marched to that place to defend it.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 42–48 · 📍 [[Gergovia]] · at noon
The soldiers, on the signal being given, quickly advance to this fortification, and passing over it, make themselves masters of the separate camps. And so great was their activity in taking the camps, that Teutomarus, the king of the Nitiobriges, being suddenly surprised in his tent, as he had gone to rest at noon, with difficulty escaped from the hands of the plunderers, with the upper part of his person naked, and his horse wounded.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 42–48 · 📍 [[Gergovia]]
Caesar, having accomplished the object which he had in view, ordered the signal to be sounded for a retreat;
The Gallic War, Book VII, 49–55
The legions, as soon as they reached the plain, halted and faced the enemy. Vercingetorix led back his men from the part of the hill within the fortifications.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 49–55
Vercingetorix led back his men from the part of the hill within the fortifications.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 49–55 · On the next day
On the next day, Caesar, having called a meeting, censured the rashness and avarice of his soldiers
The Gallic War, Book VII, 49–55 · the next day
When he had done this, the next day, thinking that he had done enough to lower the pride of the Gauls, and to encourage the minds of his soldiers, he moved his camp in the direction of the Aedui.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 49–55
After giving these admonitions he dismissed them.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 49–55 · 📍 [[Noviodunum]]
Therefore, having put to the sword the garrison of Noviodunum and those who had assembled there for the purpose of trading or were on their march, they divided the money and horses among themselves;
The Gallic War, Book VII, 49–55 · 📍 [[Noviodunum]]
they took care that the hostages of the different states should be brought to Bibracte, to the chief magistrate; they burnt the town to prevent its being of any service to the Romans
The Gallic War, Book VII, 56–63 · 📍 [[the river Loire]]
he dispersed his cavalry in such a manner as to break the force of the current, and having confounded the enemy at the first sight, led his army across the river in safety
The Gallic War, Book VII, 56–63 · 📍 [[Melodunum]]
Having seized upon about fifty ships and quickly joined them together, and having placed soldiers in them, he intimidated by his unexpected arrival the inhabitants, of whom a great number had been called out to the war, and obtains possession of the town without a contest.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 56–63 · 📍 [[Lutetia]]
At the first onset the enemy are beaten and put to flight in the right wing, where the seventh legion stood
The Gallic War, Book VII, 56–63 · 📍 [[Agendicum]] · When this battle was finished
When this battle was finished, Labienus returns to Agendicum, where the baggage of the whole army had been left: from it he marched with all his forces to Caesar.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 56–63 · 📍 [[Bibracte]]
The decision is left to the votes of the mass: all to a man approve of Vercingetorix as their general.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 64–70
The Helvii, voluntarily engaging in battle with their neighbours, are defeated, and Caius Valerius Donotaurus, the son of Caburus, the principal man of the state, and several others, being slain, they are forced to retire within their towns and fortifications.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 64–70
Caesar, as he perceived that the enemy were superior in cavalry, and he himself could receive no aid from the province or Italy, while all communication was cut off, sends across the Rhine into Germany to those states which he had subdued in the preceding campaigns, and summons from them cavalry and the light-armed infantry, who were accustomed to engage among them.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 64–70 · on the next day
At length the Germans, on the right wing, having gained the top of the hill, dislodge the enemy from their position and pursue them even as far as the river at which Vercingetorix with the infantry was stationed, and slay several of them.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 64–70
and three of the noblest of the Audi are taken and brought to Caesar: Cotus, the commander of the cavalry, who had been engaged in the contest with Convictolitanis the last election, Cavarillus, who had held the command of the infantry after the revolt of Litavicus, and Eporedorix, under whose command the Aedui had engaged in war against the Sequani, before the arrival of Caesar.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 64–70 · 📍 [[Alesia]] · immediately
All his cavalry being routed, Vercingetorix led back his troops in the same order as he had arranged them before the camp, and immediately began to march to Alesia, which is a town of the Mandubii;
The Gallic War, Book VII, 64–70 · 📍 [[Alesia]] · on the next day
Caesar, having conveyed his baggage to the nearest hill, and having left two legions to guard it, pursued as far as the time of day would permit, and after slaying about three thousand of the rear of the enemy, encamped at Alesia on the next day. On reconnoitring the situation of the city, finding that the enemy were panic-stricken, because the cavalry in which they placed their chief reliance were beaten, he encouraged his men to endure the toil, and began to draw a line of circumvallation round Alesia.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 64–70
The Germans retreat, after slaying many and taking several horses.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 71–76 · in the second watch
After giving these instructions he silently dismisses the cavalry in the second watch, on that side where our works were not completed
The Gallic War, Book VII, 71–76
he orders all the corn to be brought to himself; he ordains capital punishment to such as should not obey; he distributes among them, man by man, the cattle, great quantities of which had been driven there by the Mandubii; he began to measure out the corn sparingly, and by little and little
The Gallic War, Book VII, 71–76
he constructed, against an external enemy, fortifications of the same kind in every respect, and separate from these
The Gallic War, Book VII, 71–76
determine that all who could bear arms should not be called out, which was the opinion of Vercingetorix, but that a fixed number should be levied from each state
The Gallic War, Book VII, 71–76
however, at the request of Commius, they sent two thousand, in consideration of a tie of hospitality which subsisted between him and them.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 71–76
the supreme command is entrusted to Commius the Atrebatian, Viridomarus and Eporedorix the Aeduans, and Vergasillaunus the Arvernian, the cousin-german of Vercingetorix.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 71–76 · 📍 [[Alesia]]
All march to Alesia, sanguine and full of confidence
The Gallic War, Book VII, 77–82 · 📍 [[Alesia]]
But Caesar, placing guards on the rampart, forbade them to be admitted.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 77–82 · 📍 [[Alesia]] · After fighting from noon almost to sunset
After fighting from noon almost to sunset, without victory inclining in favour of either, the Germans, on one side, made a charge against the enemy in a compact body, and drove them back; and, when they were put to flight, the archers were surrounded and cut to pieces.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 77–82 · 📍 [[Alesia]] · at midnight
Marcus Antonius Caius Trebonius
But Marcus Antonius, and Caius Trebonius, the lieutenants, to whom the defence of these parts had been allotted, draughted troops from the redoubts which were more remote, and sent them to aid our troops, in whatever direction they understood that they were hard pressed.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90
The cavalry intercept them in their flight, and a great slaughter ensues.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90
Vergasillaunus, the Arvernian, is taken alive in the flight,
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90 · the following day
Vercingetorix, having convened a council the following day, declares, "That he had undertaken that war, not on account of his own exigencies, but on account of the general freedom; and since he must yield to fortune, he offered himself to them for either purpose, whether they should wish to atone to the Romans by his death, or surrender him alive."
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90
They surrender Vercingetorix, and lay down their arms.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90
he distributes one of the remaining captives to each soldier, throughout the entire army, as plunder.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90 · 📍 [[the country of the Aedui]] · After making these arrangements
he marches into the country of the Aedui, and recovers that state.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90
To this place ambassadors are sent by the Arverni, who promise that they will execute his commands.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90
he restores about twenty thousand captives to the Aedui and Arverni;
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90 · 📍 [[the country of the Sequani]]
Caesar Titus Labienus Marcus Sempronius Rutilus
he orders Titus Labienus to march into the country of the Sequani with two legions and the cavalry, and to him he attaches Marcus Sempronius Rutilus;
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90 · 📍 [[the country of the Remi]]
Caesar Caius Fabius Lucius Minucius Basilus
he places Caius Fabius, and Lucius Minucius Basilus, with two legions in the country of the Remi, lest they should sustain any loss from the Bellovaci in their neighbourhood.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90 · 📍 [[the country of the Ambivareti]]
Caesar Caius Antistius Reginus
He sends Caius Antistius Reginus into the country of the Ambivareti,
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90 · 📍 [[the territories of the Bituriges]]
Titus Sextius into the territories of the Bituriges,
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90 · 📍 [[those of the Ruteni]]
and Caius Caninius Rebilus into those of the Ruteni, with one legion each.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90 · 📍 [[Cabillo and Matisco]]
Caesar Quintus Tullius Cicero Publius Sulpicius
He stations Quintus Tullius Cicero, and Publius Sulpicius among the Aedui at Cabillo and Matisco on the Saone, to procure supplies of corn.
The Gallic War, Book VII, 83–90 · 📍 [[Rome]]
A supplication of twenty days is decreed by the senate at Rome, on learning these successes from Caesar's despatches.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, Preface, 1–6 · the day before the kalends of January
Caesar left Marcus Antonius, his quaestor, in charge of his quarters, and set out himself with a guard of horse, the day before the kalends of January
The Gallic War, Book VIII, Preface, 1–6 · 📍 [[the country of the Bituriges]]
By Caesar's sudden arrival, it happened, as it necessarily must, to an unprovided and dispersed people, that they were surprised by our horse, whilst cultivating the fields without any apprehensions, before they had time to fly to their towns. For the usual sign of an enemy's invasion, which is generally intimated by the burning of their towns, was forbidden by Caesar's orders: lest if he advanced far, forage and corn should become scarce, or the enemy be warned by the fires to make their escape. Many thousands being taken
The Gallic War, Book VIII, Preface, 1–6
Such offers being made to the Bituriges, when they perceived that through Caesar's clemency, an avenue was open to his friendship, and that the neighbouring states had given hostages, without incurring any punishment, and had been received under his protection, they did the same.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, Preface, 1–6
Caesar promises his soldiers, as a reward for their labour and patience, in cheerfully submitting to hardships from the severity of the winter, the difficulty of the roads, and the intolerable cold, two hundred sestertii each, and to every centurian two thousand, to be given instead of plunder
The Gallic War, Book VIII, Preface, 1–6 · 📍 [[Bibracte]] · the fortieth day
Whilst he was dispensing justice there, the Bituriges send ambassadors to him, to entreat his aid against the Carnutes, who they complained had made war against them.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, Preface, 1–6 · 📍 [[Genabum]]
stationed Caius Trebonius, with the two legions which he had with him, in quarters at Genabum
The Gallic War, Book VIII, Preface, 1–6
that the Bellovaci (who exceed all the Gauls and Belgae in military prowess), and the neighbouring states, headed by Correus, one of the Bellovaci, and Comius, the Atrebatian, were raising an army, and assembling at a general rendezvous, designing with their united forces to invade the territories of the Suessiones
The Gallic War, Book VIII, Preface, 1–6 · 📍 [[the country of the Suessiones]]
and writes besides to Caius Fabius, to march with his two legions to the country of the Suessiones
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 7–13 · As soon as his troops were collected
As soon as his troops were collected, he marched against the Bellovaci: and pitching his camp in their territories, detached troops of horse all round the country
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 7–13
He ordered his camp to be fortified with a rampart twelve feet high, with breast-works built on it proportioned to its height; and two trenches, each fifteen feet broad, with perpendicular sides to be sunk: likewise several turrets, three stories high, to be raised
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 7–13 · in the meantime
but more especially, because Comius, who I said had gone to get aid from the Germans, returned with some cavalry, and though the Germans were only 500, yet the barbarians were elated by their arrival.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 7–13 · for several days
Caesar Caius Trebonius Titus Sextius
wrote to Trebonius to send with all despatch for the thirteenth legion which was in winter-quarters among the Bituriges under Titus Sextius, one of his lieutenants; and then to come to him by forced marches with the three legions.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 7–13 · In one of these contests
In one of these contests the Germans, whom Caesar had brought over the Rhine, to fight intermixed with the horse, having resolutely crossed the marsh, and slain the few who made resistance, and boldly pursued the rest, so terrified them, that not only those who were attacked hand to hand, or wounded at a distance, but even those who were stationed at a greater distance to support them, fled disgracefully
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 14–22
Being defeated and put to the rout, and having lost the greater part of their men, they fled in consternation whither-soever chance carried them; some sought the woods, others the river, but were vigorously pursued by our men and put to the sword. Yet, in the meantime, Correus, unconquered by calamity, could not be prevailed on to quit the field and take refuge in the woods, or accept our offers of quarter, but, fighting courageously and wounding several, provoked our men, elated with victory, to discharge their weapons against him.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 14–22 · After this transaction
Comius the Atrebatian fled to those Germans from whom he had borrowed auxiliaries for that war.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 14–22 · After this transaction
The rest instantly send ambassadors to Caesar; and requested that he would be contented with that punishment of his enemy
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30 · For the year before
Titus Labienus, having discovered that Comius was tampering with the states, and raising a conspiracy against Caesar, thought he might punish his infidelity without perfidy; but judging that he would not come to his camp at his invitation, and unwilling to put him on his guard by the attempt, he sent Caius Volusenus Quadratus, with orders to have him put to death under pretence of a conference.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30
Caius Volusenus Quadratus Commius
When they came to the conference, and Volusenus, as had been agreed on, had taken hold of Comius by the hand, and one of the centurions, as if surprised at so uncommon an incident, attempted to kill him, he was prevented by the friends of Comius, but wounded him severely in the head by the first blow.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30 · Upon this transaction
Upon this transaction, it was said that Comius made a resolution never to come within sight of any Roman.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30 · 📍 [[Gaul]]
Caesar Marcus Antonius Caius Fabius Caius Caninius Rebilus Titus Labienus
He kept with himself Marcus Antonius the quaestor, with the eleventh legion; Caius Fabius was detached with twenty-five cohorts into the remotest part of Gaul, because it was rumoured that some states had risen in arms, and he did not think that Caius Caninius Rebilus, who had the charge of that country, was strong enough to protect it with two legions. He ordered Titus Labienus to attend himself, and sent the twelfth legion which had been under him in winter quarters, to Hither Gaul, to protect the Roman colonies
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30
He himself marched to depopulate the country of Ambiorix, whom he had terrified and forced to fly, but despaired of being able to reduce under his power; but he thought it most consistent with his honour to waste his country both of inhabitants, cattle, and buildings, so that from the abhorrence of his countrymen, if fortune suffered any to survive, he might be excluded from a return to his state for the calamities which he had brought on it.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30 · 📍 [[the Treviri]]
he sent Labienus with two legions against the Treviri
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30 · 📍 [[Limonum]]
Caius Caninius Rebilus Duracius
Caius Caninius, a lieutenant, having received information by letters and messages from Duracius, who had always continued in friendship to the Roman people, though a part of his state had revolted, that a great multitude of the enemy were in arms in the country of the Pictones, marched to the town Limonum.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30
Dumnacus Caius Caninius Rebilus
Dumnacus, having notice of Caninius's approach, turned his whole force against the legions, and prepared to assault the Roman camp. But after spending several days in the attempt, and losing a considerable number of men, without being able to make a breach in any part of the works, he returned again to the siege of Limonum.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30
At the same time, Caius Fabius, a lieutenant, brings back many states to their allegiance, and confirms their submission by taking hostages
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30
Caius Fabius Duracius Dumnacus
But Dumnacus hearing of the approach of Fabius, and despairing of safety, if at the same time he should be forced to withstand the Roman army without, and observe, and be under apprehension from the town's people, made a precipitate retreat from that place with all his forces.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30 · 📍 [[the Loire]]
Our horse pursued according to orders, and fell upon Dumnacus's rear, and attacking them on their march, while fleeing, dismayed, and laden with baggage, they slew a great number, and took a rich booty.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30 · The night following
Quintus Atius Varus, general of the horse, a man of uncommon spirit and skill, encouraged his men, and pursuing the enemy, disposed some of his troops in convenient places, and with the rest gave battle to the enemy.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30
At this sight, the barbarian horse were so astonished, and the foot so terrified, that breaking through the line of baggage, they betook themselves to flight with a loud shout, and in great disorder. But our horse, who a little before had vigorously engaged them, whilst they made resistance, being elated with joy at their victory, raising a shout on every side, poured round them as they ran, and as long as their horses had strength to pursue, or their arms to give a blow, so long did they continue the slaughter of the enemy in that battle, and having killed above twelve thousand men in arms, or such as threw away their arms through fear, they took their whole train of baggage.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30 · After this defeat
Drapes, a Senonian (who in the beginning of the revolt of Gaul, had collected from all quarters men of desperate fortunes, invited the slaves to liberty, called in the exiles of the whole kingdom, given an asylum to robbers, and intercepted the Roman baggage and provisions), was marching to the province with five thousand men, being all he could collect after the defeat, and that Luterius a Cadurcian who, as it has been observed in a former commentary, had designed to make an attack on the Province in the first revolt of Gaul, had formed a junction with him
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 23–30 · 📍 [[the province]]
Caius Caninius Rebilus Drapes Lucterius
Caius Caninius went in pursuit of them with two legions, lest great disgrace might be incurred from the fears or injuries done to the Province by the depredations of a band of desperate men.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 31–39
On this occasion Fabius was extremely fortunate and expeditious in recovering the states.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 31–39
For the Carnutes, who, though often harassed had never mentioned peace, submitted and gave hostages:
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 31–39 · as soon as Fabius arrived with his legions
as soon as Fabius arrived with his legions, without delay comply with his command.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 31–39
Dumnacus, expelled from his own territories, wandering and skulking about, was forced to seek refuge by himself in the most remote parts of Gaul.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 31–39 · 📍 [[Uxellodunum]] · After Caninius had rapidly marched to this place
he divided his forces into three parts, and pitched three camps on very high ground, with the intention of drawing lines round the town by degrees, as his forces could bear the fatigue.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 31–39 · at the break of day
Caius Caninius Rebilus Lucterius
Caninius instantly with the ready-armed cohorts from the nearest turrets made an attack on the convoy at the break of day. They, alarmed at so unexpected an evil, fled by different ways to their guard: which as soon as our men perceived, they fell with great fury on the escort, and did not allow a single man to be taken alive. Luterius escaped thence with a few followers, but did not return to the camp.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 31–39
Immediately all the cohorts attack them on every side; and having either killed or made prisoners of them all, gained great booty. In that battle, Drapes himself was taken prisoner.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 31–39 · 📍 [[Uxellodunum]] · The next day
Caius Caninius Rebilus Caius Fabius
The next day, Caius Fabius came to join him with his forces, and took upon him the siege of one side.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 31–39 · 📍 [[the country of the Bellovaci]] · In the meantime
In the meantime, Caesar left Caius Antonius in the country of the Bellovaci, with fifteen cohorts, that the Belgae might have no opportunity of forming new plans in future.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 31–39
He himself visits the other states, demands a great number of hostages, and by his encouraging language allays the apprehensions of all.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 31–39
he demanded that Guturvatus, the promoter of that treason, and the instigator of that rebellion, should be delivered up to punishment. And though the latter did not dare to trust his life even to his own countrymen, yet such diligent search was made by them all, that he was soon brought to our camp.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 31–39
Accordingly, he was whipped to death, and his head cut off.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 31–39
He therefore left Quintus Calenus, one of his lieutenants behind him, with two legions, and instructions to follow him by regular marches.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 40–47 · 📍 [[Uxellodunum]]
Accordingly he cut off the hands of those who had borne arms against him. Their lives he spared, that the punishment of their rebellion might be the more conspicuous.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 40–47 · for several days
Drapes, who I have said was taken by Caninius, either through indignation and grief arising from his captivity, or through fear of severer punishments, abstained from food for several days, and thus perished.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 40–47
was by this Epasnactus, the Arvernian, a sincere friend of the Roman people, delivered without any hesitation, a prisoner to Caesar.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 40–47
Labienus engages in a successful cavalry action among the Treviri; and, having killed several of them and of the Germans, who never refused their aid to any person against the Romans, he got their chiefs alive into his power, and, amongst them, Surus
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 40–47 · 📍 [[Aquitania]] · the latter part of the summer
For all the states of Aquitania sent ambassadors to him and delivered hostages.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 40–47 · 📍 [[the country of the Belgae]]
Caesar Marcus Antonius Caius Trebonius Publius Vatinius Quintus Tullius Cicero
He posted four legions in the country of the Belgae, under Marcus Antonius, Caius Trebonius, Publius Vatinius, and Quintus Tullius, his lieutenants.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 40–47 · 📍 [[Nemetocenna]]
Having finished these affairs, he returned to his legions among the Belgae and wintered at Nemetocenna
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 40–47 · after that wound which I before mentioned
Comius, who, after that wound which I before mentioned, was always ready to join his countrymen upon every commotion, that they might not want a person to advise and head them in the management of the war, when his state submitted to the Romans, supported himself and his adherents on plunder by means of his cavalry, infested the roads, and intercepted several convoys which were bringing provisions to the Roman quarters.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 48–55
Caius Volusenus Quadratus Marcus Antonius
Caius Volusenus Quadratus was appointed commander of the horse under Antonius, to winter with him:
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 48–55 · At last
Commius Caius Volusenus Quadratus
Comius, clapping spurs to his horse, rode up to Volusenus, and, pointing his lance, pierced him in the thigh with great force.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 48–55
As Antonius judged that his request originated in a just apprehension, he indulged him in it and accepted his hostages.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 48–55 · 📍 [[Gaul]]
Therefore, by treating the states with respect, making rich presents to the leading men, imposing no new burdens, and making the terms of their subjection lighter, he easily kept Gaul (already exhausted by so many unsuccessful battles) in obedience.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 48–55 · before he reached Italy
Though Caesar heard on the road, before he reached Italy, that he was created augur,
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 48–55 · 📍 [[Cisalpine Gaul]]
He made Titus Labienus governor of Cisalpine Gaul, that he might be the more inclined to support him in his suit for the consulate.
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 48–55 · 📍 [[among the Belgae]]
placed Caius Trebonius, with four legions among the Belgae,
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 48–55 · 📍 [[the Aedui]]
and detached Caius Fabius, with four more, to the Aedui;
The Gallic War, Book VIII, 48–55 · 📍 [[Italy]] · on his arrival
the two legions sent home by him, and which by the senate's decree, should have been sent to the Parthian war, had been delivered over to Pompey, by Caius Marcellus the consul, and were retained in Italy.
The Civil War, Book I, 1–6 · by a certain day
that Caesar should disband his army by a certain day, and should he not do so, he should be considered as acting against the state.
The Civil War, Book I, 1–6
Marcus Antonius Quintus Cassius
Marcus Antonius, and Quintus Cassius, tribunes of the people, interposed.
The Civil War, Book I, 1–6 · The senate having broken up in the evening
The senate having broken up in the evening, all who belonged to that order were summoned by Pompey. He applauded the forward, and secured their votes for the next day
The Civil War, Book I, 1–6
Many veterans, from all parts, who had served in Pompey's armies, were invited to his standard by the hopes of rewards and promotions.
The Civil War, Book I, 1–6
Marcellus, overawed by his reproofs, retracted his opinion.
The Civil War, Book I, 1–6 · on the seventh day
Recourse is had to that extreme and final decree of the senate (which was never resorted to even by daring proposers except when the city was in danger of being set on fire, or when the public safety was despaired of). "That the consuls, praetors, tribunes of the people, and proconsuls in the city should take care that the state received no injury."
The Civil War, Book I, 1–6 · 📍 [[Ravenna]]
Marcus Antonius Quintus Cassius Caesar
The latter immediately made their escape from the city, and withdrew to Caesar, who was then at Ravenna, awaiting an answer to his moderate demands
The Civil War, Book I, 1–6 · 📍 [[Mauritania]] · During the succeeding days
that Faustus Sylla should be sent as propraetor into Mauritania; that money should be granted to Pompey from the public treasury. It was also put to the vote that king Juba should be honoured with the title of friend and ally. But Marcellus said that he would not allow this motion for the present. Philip, one of the tribunes, stopped the appointment of Sylla;
The Civil War, Book I, 1–6 · 📍 [[Syria]] · During the succeeding days
Scipio got Syria, Lucius Domitius Gaul:
The Civil War, Book I, 7–13
The soldiers of the thirteenth legion, which was present (for in the beginning of the disturbances he had called it out, his other legions not having yet arrived), all cry out that they are ready to defend their general, and the tribunes of the commons, from all injuries.
The Civil War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[Ariminum]]
Caesar Pompey Lucius Roscius Lucius Caesar
Let Pompey go to his own province; let them both disband their armies; let all persons in Italy lay down their arms; let all fears be removed from the city; let free elections, and the whole republic be resigned to the direction of the senate and Roman people.
The Civil War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[Capua]]
Pompey Caesar Lucius Roscius Lucius Caesar
that Caesar should return into Gaul, leave Ariminum, and disband his army: if he complied with this, that Pompey would go to Spain.
The Civil War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[Ariminum]]
Caesar, therefore, sent Marcus Antonius, with five cohorts from Ariminum to Arretium
The Civil War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[Iguvium]]
Upon notice of his approach, Thermus, distrusting the affections of the townsmen, drew his cohorts out of it, and made his escape; his soldiers deserted him on the road, and returned home. Curio recovered Iguvium, with the cheerful concurrence of all the inhabitants.
The Civil War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[Auximum]]
Alarmed at this declaration, Attius Varus drew out of the town the garrison which he had introduced, and fled.
The Civil War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[Auximum]]
when the battle began, Varus is deserted by his troops: some of them disperse to their homes, the rest come over to Caesar
The Civil War, Book I, 7–13 · 📍 [[Auximum]]
and along with them, Lucius Pupius, the chief centurion, is taken prisoner and brought to Caesar. He had held the same rank before in Cneius Pompey's army. But Caesar applauded the soldiers of Attius, set Pupius at liberty
The Civil War, Book I, 14–20 · 📍 [[Rome]] · when Lentulus, the consul, came to open the treasury
immediately on opening the hallowed door he fled from the city.
The Civil War, Book I, 14–20 · 📍 [[Rome]]
Marcellus, his colleague, followed him, and so did most of the magistrates.
The Civil War, Book I, 14–20 · 📍 [[Rome]] · the day before
Cneius Pompey had left the city the day before, and was on his march to those legions which he had received from Caesar
The Civil War, Book I, 14–20 · 📍 [[Capua]]
Lentulus brought into the public market-place the gladiators which Caesar maintained there for the entertainment of the people, and confirmed them in their liberty, and gave them horses and ordered them to attend him; but afterwards, being warned by his friends that this action was censured by the judgment of all, he distributed them among the slaves of the districts of Campania, to keep guard there.
The Civil War, Book I, 14–20 · 📍 [[Asculum]] · on being informed of Caesar's approach
Caesar, having recovered Asculum and driven out Lentulus
The Civil War, Book I, 14–20 · 📍 [[Picenum]]
Lentulus Spinther Vibullius Rufus
Vibullius, being informed by him of the transactions in Picenum, takes his soldiers from him and dismisses him.
The Civil War, Book I, 14–20 · 📍 [[Corfinium]]
An engagement taking place there with Caesar's advanced-guard, Domitius's men were quickly beaten off from the bridge and retreated precipitately into the town.
The Civil War, Book I, 14–20 · 📍 [[Corfinium]] · upon observing this
Domitius, upon observing this, sent messengers well acquainted with the country, encouraged by a promise of being amply rewarded, with despatches to Pompey to Apulia, to beg and entreat him to come to his assistance.
The Civil War, Book I, 14–20 · 📍 [[Corfinium]]
In a speech to the soldiers he promised them lands out of his own estate; to every private soldier four acres, and a corresponding share to the centurions and veterans.
The Civil War, Book I, 14–20 · 📍 [[Corfinium]] · Within the three days
On their arrival he made a second camp on another part of the town, and gave the command of it to Curio.
The Civil War, Book I, 14–20 · 📍 [[Corfinium]]
That he would not put matters to the last hazard; that Domitius had retreated into the town of Corfinium, without either his advice or consent. Therefore, if any opportunity should offer, he Domitius should come to him with the whole force.
The Civil War, Book I, 14–20 · 📍 [[Corfinium]] · early in the evening
Therefore they all with one consent brought Domitius into public view, gathered round him, and guarded him; and sent deputies out of their number to Caesar, to say that they were ready to throw open their gates, to do whatever he should order, and to deliver up Domitius alive into his hands.
The Civil War, Book I, 21–26 · About the fourth watch
He pleaded with Caesar for his life, and entreated him to spare him
The Civil War, Book I, 21–26 · About the fourth watch
Leave being granted him, he departed.
The Civil War, Book I, 21–26 · 📍 [[Corfinium]] · When day appeared
and dismissed them all in safety.
The Civil War, Book I, 21–26 · 📍 [[Corfinium]] · When day appeared
he gave them back to Domitius
The Civil War, Book I, 21–26 · 📍 [[Corfinium]] · that day
He ordered Domitius's soldiers to take the oath to himself
The Civil War, Book I, 21–26
having deserted the praetor, carried their colours to Curius and went over to him.
The Civil War, Book I, 21–26
Cneius Magius, from Cremona, engineer-general to Pompey, was taken prisoner on the road and brought to Caesar, but sent back by him to Pompey with this message:
The Civil War, Book I, 21–26
He therefore sent Caninius Rebilus to have an interview with Scribonius Libo, his intimate friend and relation.
The Civil War, Book I, 21–26 · shortly after
returns with answer that, as the consuls were absent, no treaty of compositions could be engaged in without them.
The Civil War, Book I, 27–33 · 📍 [[Brundusium]] · at nightfall
Pompey weighed anchor at nightfall.
The Civil War, Book I, 27–33 · 📍 [[Sicily]]
Curio, the proprietor, to Sicily with three legions; and ordered him, when he had recovered Sicily, to immediately transport his army to Africa.
The Civil War, Book I, 27–33 · 📍 [[Sicily]]
After having made these complaints in a public assembly, he fled from his province.
The Civil War, Book I, 27–33 · 📍 [[Utica]] · When Tubero arrived in Africa
He, when Tubero came to Utica with his fleet, prevented his entering the port or town, and did not suffer his son, though labouring under sickness, to set foot on shore; but obliged him to weigh anchor and quit the place.
The Civil War, Book I, 27–33 · 📍 [[Rome]]
Having assembled the senate, he reminded them of the injustice of his enemies;
The Civil War, Book I, 27–33 · 📍 [[Rome]] · after spending several days to no purpose
Caesar having discovered his intention, after spending several days to no purpose, left the city, in order that he might not lose any more time, and went to Transalpine Gaul, without effecting what he had intended.
The Civil War, Book I, 34–40 · 📍 [[Corfinium]] · a few days before
Vibullius Rufus, whom he had taken a few days before at Corfinium, and set at liberty,
The Civil War, Book I, 34–40 · 📍 [[Spain]]
Vibullius Rufus, whom he had taken a few days before at Corfinium, and set at liberty, was sent by Pompey into Spain;
The Civil War, Book I, 34–40 · 📍 [[Massilia]]
On receiving this message, the Massilians had shut their gates against Caesar, and invited over to them the Albici, who had formerly been in alliance with them, and who inhabited the mountains that overhung Massilia: they had likewise conveyed the corn from the surrounding country, and from all the forts into the city; had opened armouries in the city: and were repairing the walls, the fleet, and the gates.
The Civil War, Book I, 34–40 · 📍 [[Massilia]] · Whilst this treaty was going forward
Provoked at such ill treatment, Caesar led three legions against Massilia, and resolved to provide turrets, and vinae to assault the town,
The Civil War, Book I, 34–40 · 📍 [[Massilia]] · in thirty days
and to build twelve ships at Arelas, which being completed and rigged in thirty days (from the time the timber was cut down), and being brought to Massilia, he put under the command of Decimus Brutus;
The Civil War, Book I, 34–40 · 📍 [[Massilia]]
and left Caius Trebonius his lieutenant, to invest the city.
The Civil War, Book I, 34–40 · 📍 [[Spain]] · Whilst he was preparing and getting these things in readiness
he sent Caius Fabius one of his lieutenants into Spain with three legions, which he had disposed in winter quarters in Narbo, and the neighbouring country; and ordered him immediately to seize the passes of the Pyrenees,
The Civil War, Book I, 34–40 · 📍 [[the Pyrenees]]
Fabius, according to his orders, by using expedition, dislodged the party from the hills, and by hasty marches came up with the army of Afranius.
The Civil War, Book I, 34–40 · 📍 [[Spain]] · On the arrival of Vibullius Rufus
Pompey Vibullius Rufus Lucius Afranius Petreius Marcus Varro
On the arrival of Vibullius Rufus, whom, we have already mentioned, Pompey had sent into Spain, Afranius, Petreius, and Varro, his lieutenants (one of whom had the command of Hither Spain, with three legions; the second of the country from the forest of Castulo to the river Guadiana with two legions; the third from the river Guadiana to the country of the Vettones and Lusitania, with the like number of legions), divided amongst themselves their respective departments.
The Civil War, Book I, 34–40 · 📍 [[Ilerda]] · These matters being settled
Petreius Lucius Afranius Marcus Varro
Petreius was to march from Lusitania through the Vettones, and join Afranius with all his forces; Varro was to guard all Further Spain with what legions he had. These matters being settled, reinforcements of horse and foot were demanded from Lusitania, by Petreius; from the Celtiberi, Cantabri, and all the barbarous nations which border on the ocean, by Afranius. When they were raised, Petreius immediately marched through the Vettones to Afranius. They resolved by joint consent to carry on the war in the vicinity of Ilerda, on account of the advantages of its situation.
The Civil War, Book I, 34–40 · 📍 [[the river Segre]]
Caius Fabius Lucius Afranius Petreius
the bridge fell, and all the horse were cut off from the main army, which being known to Petreius and Afranius, from the timber and hurdles that were carried down the river, Afranius immediately crossed his own bridge, which communicated between his camp and the town, with four legions and all the cavalry, and marched against Fabius's two legions.
The Civil War, Book I, 34–40 · 📍 [[the river Segre]]
Their approach put an end to the battle, and each general led back his legions to their respective camps.
The Civil War, Book I, 41–48 · 📍 [[Ilerda]] · In two days after Caesar came to the camp
In two days after Caesar came to the camp with nine hundred horse,
The Civil War, Book I, 41–48 · 📍 [[Ilerda]] · the next day
When Caesar perceived that Afranius declined coming to an engagement
The Civil War, Book I, 41–48 · The third day
The third day Caesar fortified his camp with a rampart, and ordered the other cohorts which he had left in the upper camp, and his baggage to be removed to it.
The Civil War, Book I, 41–48 · 📍 [[Ilerda]]
as Afranius's men had reached the eminence first, our men were repulsed
The Civil War, Book I, 41–48 · 📍 [[Ilerda]]
obliged them, in their turn, to show their backs and retreat to Ilerda
The Civil War, Book I, 41–48 · 📍 [[Ilerda]] · After the battle had in this manner continued incessantly for five hours
having killed a few, obliged the rest to fly.
The Civil War, Book I, 41–48 · 📍 [[Ilerda]] · In the first encounter
Amongst them Quintus Fulgenius, first centurion of the second line of the fourteenth legion
The Civil War, Book I, 41–48 · 📍 [[Ilerda]] · In the first encounter
Of Afranius's party there were killed Titus Caecilius, principal centurion
The Civil War, Book I, 41–48 · 📍 [[Ilerda]]
The enemy fortified the hill, about which the contest had been, with strong works, and posted a garrison on it.
The Civil War, Book I, 41–48 · In two days after this transaction
it was agreed that there were never seen higher floods in those countries; it swept down the snow from all the mountains, and broke over the banks of the river, and in one day carried away both the bridges which Fabius had built,--a circumstance which caused great difficulties to Caesar's army.
The Civil War, Book I, 49–58 · in the beginning of the night
To attack them by surprise, Afranius set out in the beginning of the night, with all his cavalry and three legions, and sent the horse on before, to fall on them unawares; but the Gallic horse soon got themselves in readiness, and attacked them.
The Civil War, Book I, 49–58 · in one night
When these were finished, he drew them down to the river in waggons in one night, a distance of twenty-two miles from his camp, and transported in them some soldiers across the river, and on a sudden took possession of a hill adjoining the bank.
The Civil War, Book I, 49–58 · 📍 [[Ilerda]] · Whilst these affairs are going forward at Ilerda
Whilst these affairs are going forward at Ilerda, the Massilians, adopting the advice of Domitius, prepared seventeen ships of war, of which eleven were decked.
The Civil War, Book I, 49–58 · 📍 [[Massilia]] · That day
Decimus Brutus Lucius Domitius
That day the Massilians lost nine ships, including those that were taken.
The Civil War, Book I, 59–66 · 📍 [[Ilerda]] · in a few days more
several of the more distant states revolt from Afranius, and enter into league with Caesar.
The Civil War, Book I, 59–66
They therefore resolved to quit their posts, and to transfer the war to Celtiberia.
The Civil War, Book I, 59–66 · 📍 [[Octogesa]]
At this part of the river, they ordered a bridge to be made of boats fastened together, and transported two legions over the river Segre, and fortified their camp with a rampart, twelve feet high.
The Civil War, Book I, 59–66 · 📍 [[Segre]]
His army being safe on the opposite bank, he drew out his forces and resolved to lead them forward in three battalions: and so great was the ardour of the soldiers that, notwithstanding the addition of a circuit of six miles and a considerable delay in fording the river, before the ninth hour of the day they came up with those who had set out at the third watch.
The Civil War, Book I, 59–66
Lucius Afranius Petreius Caesar
When Afranius, who was in company with Petreius, saw them at a distance, being affrighted at so unexpected a sight, he halted on a rising ground and drew up his army.
The Civil War, Book I, 59–66 · About midnight
Caesar Lucius Afranius Petreius
When they heard the shout, being afraid lest they should be stopped in the night and obliged to engage under their baggage, or lest they should be confined in the narrow roads by Caesar's horse, they put a stop to their march and kept their forces in their camp.
The Civil War, Book I, 67–73 · the next day, at the dawn
This opinion prevailed in the council, and the next day, at the dawn, they resolved to set forward.
The Civil War, Book I, 67–73
Caesar first accomplished the march, and having found a plain behind large rocks, drew up his army there in order of battle and facing the enemy.
The Civil War, Book I, 67–73
As the Spaniards were making towards it in an oblique direction, Caesar's horse espied them and attacked them, nor were they able to withstand the charge of the cavalry even for a moment, but were all surrounded and cut to pieces in the sight of the two armies.
The Civil War, Book I, 67–73
Caesar Lucius Afranius Petreius
He persevered however in his resolution, and retired a little from that place to abate the enemy's fears. Petreius and Afranius, having got this opportunity, retired to their camp.
The Civil War, Book I, 67–73 · 📍 [[the Ebro]]
Caesar, having disposed parties on the mountains, and cut off all access to the Ebro, fortified his camp as close to the enemy as he could.
The Civil War, Book I, 67–73 · The day following
Petreius and Afranius divided this task between themselves, and went in person to some distance from their camp for the purpose of seeing it accomplished.
The Civil War, Book I, 74–81 · the day before
Caesar Lucius Afranius Petreius
Encouraged by these conferences, they desired the general's parole for the lives of Petreius and Afranius, that they might not appear guilty of a crime, in having betrayed their generals. When they were assured of obtaining their demands, they promised that they would immediately remove their standards, and sent centurions of the first rank as deputies to treat with Caesar about a peace.
The Civil War, Book I, 74–81 · 📍 [[the general's pavilion]] · Immediately
Petreius Lucius Afranius Pompey
when he required them all to take an oath that they would not desert nor betray the army nor the generals, nor form any design distinct from the general interest. He himself swore first to the tenor of those words, and obliged Afranius to take the same oath.
The Civil War, Book I, 74–81 · afterwards
But of the tribunes and centurions, several voluntarily remained with him, and he afterwards treated them with great respect. The centurions he promoted to higher ranks, and conferred on the Roman knights the honour of tribunes.
The Civil War, Book I, 74–81 · 📍 [[Ilerda]]
Their design having met with approbation, they set out from their camp. Caesar having sent forward his cavalry, to annoy and retard their rear, followed close after with his legions.
The Civil War, Book I, 74–81 · the next day
Hereupon, urged by want of fodder, that they might be the readier for a march, they killed all their baggage cattle.
The Civil War, Book I, 82–87
let them quit the provinces, and disband their army. If this was complied with, he would injure no person; that these were the last and only conditions of peace.
The Civil War, Book I, 82–87 · 📍 [[Spain]]
that those who had any settlement or possession in Spain, should be immediately discharged: the rest at the river Var.
The Civil War, Book I, 82–87
Caesar gave security that they should receive no damage, and that no person should be obliged against his inclination to take the military oath under him.
The Civil War, Book I, 82–87 · in two days
About a third part of their army being dismissed in two days, Caesar ordered two of his legions to go before
The Civil War, Book II, 1–8 · 📍 [[Massilia]]
Caius Trebonius, Caesar's lieutenant, who had been left to conduct the assault of Massilia, began to raise a mound, vineae, and turrets against the town,
The Civil War, Book II, 1–8 · In the meantime
Lucius Nasidius, being sent by Cneius Pompey with a fleet of sixteen sail, a few of which had beaks of brass, to the assistance of Lucius Domitius and the Massilians,
The Civil War, Book II, 1–8 · 📍 [[Messana]]
making the nobles and senate take flight with the sudden terror, carried off one of their ships out of dock.
The Civil War, Book II, 1–8 · 📍 [[Massilia]]
Having joined this to his other ships, he made good his voyage to Massilia, and, having sent in a galley privately, acquaints Domitius and the Massilians of his arrival, and earnestly encourages them to hazard another battle with Brutus's fleet with the addition of his aid.
The Civil War, Book II, 1–8 · 📍 [[Taurois]]
When the battle was begun, no effort of valour was wanting to the Massilians,
The Civil War, Book II, 1–8
but Brutus, seeing into their designs, by the swiftness of his ship extricated himself with such address as to get clear, though only by a moment.
The Civil War, Book II, 1–8
But Nasidius's ships were of no use, and soon left the fight;
The Civil War, Book II, 1–8 · 📍 [[Hither Spain]]
all that escaped made the best of their way to Hither Spain, but one of the rest was sent forward to Massilia for the purpose of bearing this intelligence,
The Civil War, Book II, 9–13
For Caesar had given Trebonius strict charge not to suffer the town to be taken by storm
The Civil War, Book II, 9–13
The lieutenants, moved with compassion, draw off the soldiers from the work, desist from the assault, and leave sentinels on the works.
The Civil War, Book II, 14–19 · 📍 [[Further Spain]] · afterwards
he began to regulate his movements by those of fortune.
The Civil War, Book II, 14–19 · 📍 [[Further Spain]]
He made levies throughout the province; and, having completed his two legions, he added to them about thirty auxiliary cohorts:
The Civil War, Book II, 14–19 · 📍 [[Gades]]
and gave the command of the town of Gades to Caius Gallonius, a Roman knight, and friend of Domitius
The Civil War, Book II, 14–19
and forced the whole province to take an oath of allegiance to him and Pompey.
The Civil War, Book II, 14–19 · 📍 [[Further Spain]]
Having therefore sent two legions into Further Spain under the command of Quintus Cassius, tribune of the people;
The Civil War, Book II, 14–19 · 📍 [[Corduba]] · at the appointed time
At the same time the senate at Corduba shut the gates of their own accord against Varro, and posted guards and sentinels on the wall and in the turrets, and detained two cohorts (called Colonicae, which had come there accidentally), for the defence of the town.
The Civil War, Book II, 14–19 · 📍 [[Carmona]] · About the same time
About the same time the people of Carmona, which is by far the strongest state in the whole province, of themselves drove out of the town the cohorts, and shut the gates against them, although three cohorts had been detached by Varro to garrison the citadel.
The Civil War, Book II, 20–25 · 📍 [[Hispalis]]
one of Varro's two legions, which was called Vernacula, carried off the colours from Varro's camp, he himself standing by and looking on, and retired to Hispalis
The Civil War, Book II, 20–25
Marcus Varro Caesar Sextus Caesar
Then indeed, when intercepted from every road, he sends word to Caesar that he was ready to deliver up the legion which he commanded. He sends to him Sextus Caesar, and orders him to deliver it up to him. Varro, having delivered up the legion, went to Caesar to Corduba
The Civil War, Book II, 20–25
He made Quintus Cassius governor of the province, and assigned him four legions.
The Civil War, Book II, 20–25 · 📍 [[Massilia]]
There he was informed that a law was passed for creating a dictator, and that he had been nominated dictator by Marcus Lepidus the praetor.
The Civil War, Book II, 20–25 · 📍 [[Massilia]] · a few days before
Lucius Domitius Decimus Brutus
Lucius Domitius, having discovered the intention of the Massilians, and having procured three ships, two of which he gave up to his friends, went on board the third himself, having got a brisk wind, put out to sea. Some ships, which by Brutus's orders were constantly cruising near the port, having espied him, weighed anchor, and pursued him.
The Civil War, Book II, 20–25 · 📍 [[Massilia]]
The Massilians conveyed their arms and engines out of the town, as they were ordered: brought their ships out of the port and docks, and delivered up the money in their treasury. When these affairs were despatched, Caesar, sparing the town more out of regard to their renown and antiquity than to any claim they could lay to his favour
The Civil War, Book II, 26–31 · 📍 [[Bagrada]] · After these transactions
After these transactions, Curio returned to his camp at Bagrada; and by a general shout of the whole army was saluted imperator.
The Civil War, Book II, 26–31 · 📍 [[Utica]] · The next day
The horse began the battle: and before the legions could be completely marshalled and take their ground, the king's entire forces being thrown into disorder and confusion, because they had marched without any order, and were under no apprehensions, betake themselves to flight: almost all the enemy's horse being safe, because they made a speedy retreat into the town along the shore, Caesar's soldiers slay a great number of their infantry.
The Civil War, Book II, 26–31 · The next night
Caius Curio Publius Attius Varus
The next night two Marsian centurions, with twenty-two men belonging to the companies, deserted from Curio's camp to Attius Varus.
The Civil War, Book II, 26–31 · 📍 [[Corfinium]] · When Caesar gave him his liberty
Caesar Sextus Quintilius Varus
When Caesar gave him his liberty, he went over to Africa;
The Civil War, Book II, 32–37 · the day before
they unanimously besought him to be of good spirits, and not hesitate to engage the enemy and put their fidelity and courage to a trial.
The Civil War, Book II, 32–37 · The next day
The next day he led out his forces and ranged them in order of battle on the same ground where they had been posted the preceding day; nor did Attius Varus hesitate to draw out his men
The Civil War, Book II, 32–37
Caius Curio Publius Attius Varus
before a dart could be thrown or our men come near them, Varus's whole army turned their backs and retreated to their camp.
The Civil War, Book II, 32–37 · In this flight
Fabius (a Pelignian) Publius Attius Varus
he made a blow with his sword at his naked shoulder and was very near killing Varus, but he escaped the danger by raising his shield to ward off the blow. Fabius was surrounded by the soldiers near him and cut to pieces
The Civil War, Book II, 32–37 · 📍 [[the town]] · at the third watch
leaving a trumpeter in his camp and a few tents for show, at the third watch led back his army quietly into the town.
The Civil War, Book II, 32–37 · 📍 [[Utica]] · The next day
The next day Curio resolved to besiege Utica, and to draw lines about it.
The Civil War, Book II, 32–37 · 📍 [[Utica]]
couriers, who had been sent forward, arrived from king Juba, with the intelligence that he was on his march, with considerable forces
The Civil War, Book II, 32–37 · 📍 [[the Cornelian camp]]
when he found out, from undoubted authority, that his forces were less than twenty miles distant from Utica, abandoning his works, he retired to the Cornelian camp.
The Civil War, Book II, 32–37 · 📍 [[the Cornelian camp]]
Here he began to lay in corn and wood, and to fortify his camp, and immediately despatched orders to Sicily, that his two legions and the remainder of his cavalry should be sent to him.
The Civil War, Book II, 38–44 · 📍 [[Bagrada]] · early in the night
The cavalry having attacked them, when sunk in sleep and dispersed, killed a great number of them; many were frightened and ran away.
The Civil War, Book II, 38–44
The enemy's troops were frequently reinforced by assistance sent from Juba; strength began to fail our men through fatigue
The Civil War, Book II, 38–44
But Curio declared that he would never more appear in Caesar's sight, after losing the army which had been committed by Caesar to his charge, and accordingly fought till he was killed.
The Civil War, Book II, 38–44 · early in the evening
He consented, and ordered the masters of the ships to have all the boats brought close to the shore early in the evening.
The Civil War, Book II, 38–44 · 📍 [[Sicily]]
a few foot and aged men, that could prevail either through interest or pity, or who were able to swim to the ships, were taken on board, and landed safe in Sicily.
The Civil War, Book II, 38–44 · at night
The rest of the troops sent their centurions as deputies to Varus at night, and surrendered themselves to him.
The Civil War, Book II, 38–44 · 📍 [[Utica]] · the next day
But Juba, the next day having spied their cohorts before the town, claimed them as his booty, and ordered a great part of them to be put to the sword;
The Civil War, Book II, 38–44 · 📍 [[Utica]] · the next day
a few he selected and sent home to his own realm.
The Civil War, Book III, 1–8 · 📍 [[Italy]]
he determined that arbitrators should be appointed: and that they should make an estimate of the possessions and properties of the debtors, how much they were worth before the war, and that they should be handed over in payment to the creditors.
The Civil War, Book III, 1–8
He likewise restored to their former condition (the praetors and tribunes first submitting the question to the people) some persons condemned for bribery at the elections
The Civil War, Book III, 1–8 · 📍 [[Brundisium]]
and having resigned the dictatorship, set out from the city, and went to Brundisium
The Civil War, Book III, 1–8 · a year's respite
Pompey having got a year's respite to provide forces, during which he was not engaged in war, nor employed by an enemy, had collected a numerous fleet
The Civil War, Book III, 1–8 · 📍 [[Dyrrachium]]
He had resolved to fix his winter quarters at Dyrrachium, Apollonia, and the other sea-ports, to hinder Caesar from passing the sea: and for this purpose had stationed his fleet along the sea-coast.
The Civil War, Book III, 1–8 · 📍 [[Brundisium]] · the fourth day of January
He accordingly set sail the fourth day of January, with seven legions on board, as already remarked.
The Civil War, Book III, 1–8 · 📍 [[Pharsalus]] · The next day
The next day he reached land, between the Ceraunian rocks and other dangerous places; meeting with a safe road for his shipping to ride in, and dreading all other ports which he imagined were in possession of the enemy, he landed his men at a place called Pharsalus, without the loss of a single vessel.
The Civil War, Book III, 1–8 · 📍 [[Brundisium]] · the same night
The charge of this business was committed to lieutenant Fufius Kalenus, with orders to be expeditious in transporting the legions.
The Civil War, Book III, 1–8 · 📍 [[Corcyra]]
and having taken about thirty, vented on them his rage at his own remissness, and set them all on fire: and, with the same flames, he destroyed the mariners and masters of the vessels
The Civil War, Book III, 9–14 · 📍 [[Issa]]
he drew Issa off from its connection with Caesar
The Civil War, Book III, 9–14 · 📍 [[Salona]] · after a long interval
and beat them from them all: and having killed a great number, obliged the rest and Octavius himself to fly for refuge to their ships. This put an end to the blockade.
The Civil War, Book III, 9–14 · 📍 [[Dyrrachium]] · Winter was now approaching
Winter was now approaching, and Octavius, despairing of capturing the town, after sustaining such considerable losses, withdrew to Pompey, to Dyrrachium.
The Civil War, Book III, 9–14 · 📍 [[Candavia]]
he posted away to Pompey, to inform him that Caesar was marching towards him with all his forces.
The Civil War, Book III, 9–14 · 📍 [[Oricum]]
he threw open the gates, and surrendered himself and the town to Caesar, and was preserved safe from injury by him.
The Civil War, Book III, 9–14 · 📍 [[Apollonia]]
The inhabitants of Apollonia sent ambassadors to Caesar, and gave him admission into their town.
The Civil War, Book III, 9–14 · 📍 [[Epirus]]
and all Epirus: and they sent ambassadors to Caesar, and promised to obey his commands.
The Civil War, Book III, 9–14 · 📍 [[Dyrrachium]]
Labienus first stepped forward and swore that he would never desert him, and would share whatever fate fortune should assign to him.
The Civil War, Book III, 9–14 · 📍 [[Brundisium]]
on receiving this information he returned into the harbour, and recalled all the vessels.
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[Oricum]]
And as he debarred Caesar of the liberty of the sea and harbours, so he was deprived of all intercourse with the country by land; for the whole shore was occupied by parties disposed in different places by Caesar.
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[Oricum]] · when they were suffering under the distress which I have mentioned
Marcus Bibulus Scribonius Libo
In the meantime they requested a truce, and obtained it from them
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[Oricum]] · When he arrived
When he arrived, they were invited to a conference.
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[Oricum]]
That it now was and ever had been Pompey's most earnest wish, that they should be reconciled, and lay down their arms; but they were not authorized to treat on that subject, because they resigned the whole management of the war, and all other matters, to Pompey, by order of the council.
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[Oricum]]
They would neither receive Caesar's commissioners, nor guarantee their safety, but referred the whole to Pompey.
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · On his death
On his death, the sole command devolved on no single individual, but each admiral managed his own division separately, and at his own discretion.
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20
Pompey interrupted him, and forbade him to proceed. "What need," says he, "have I of life or Rome, if the world shall think I enjoy them by the bounty of Caesar;
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[the river Apsus]]
Caesar sent Publius Vatinius, one of his lieutenants, to the bank of the river, to make such proposals as should appear most conducive to peace;
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[the river Apsus]] · the next day
Aulus Varro proposed coming the next day to a conference, and that deputies from both sides might come without danger, and explain their wishes, and accordingly a fixed time was appointed for the interview.
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[the river Apsus]] · When the deputies met the next day
Titus Labienus Publius Vatinius
But their conversation was suddenly interrupted by darts thrown from all sides, from which Vatinius escaped by being protected by the arms of the soldiers.
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[the river Apsus]] · When the deputies met the next day
However, several were wounded; and among them Cornelius Balbus, Marcus Plotius, and Lucius Tiburtius, centurions, and some privates;
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[the river Apsus]] · When the deputies met the next day
However, several were wounded; and among them Cornelius Balbus, Marcus Plotius, and Lucius Tiburtius, centurions, and some privates;
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[the river Apsus]] · When the deputies met the next day
However, several were wounded; and among them Cornelius Balbus, Marcus Plotius, and Lucius Tiburtius, centurions, and some privates;
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[the river Apsus]] · When the deputies met the next day
Forbear, then, to speak any more about an accommodation, for we can have no peace unless we carry Caesar's head back with us.
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[Rome]] · on entering into his office
on entering into his office, fixed his tribunal near the bench of Caius Trebonius, the city praetor, and promised if any person appealed to him in regard to the valuation and payment of debts made by arbitration, as appointed by Caesar when in Rome, that he would relieve them.
The Civil War, Book III, 15–20 · 📍 [[Rome]]
he promulgated a law, that all debts should be discharged in six equal payments, of six months each, without interest.
The Civil War, Book III, 21–28
Publius Servilius Marcus Caelius Rufus
The consul Servilius informed the senate of his proceedings, who passed a decree that Caelius should be removed from the management of the republic. Upon this decree, the consul forbade him the senate; and when he was attempting to harangue the people, turned him out of the rostrum.
The Civil War, Book III, 21–28 · 📍 [[Italy]]
he joined him, and sent him to Thurinum to tamper with the shepherds.
The Civil War, Book III, 21–28 · 📍 [[Thurii]]
and Caelius having set out, as he pretended for Caesar, went to Thurii, where he was put to death as he was tampering with some of the freemen of the town, and was offering money to Caesar's Gallic and Spanish horse, which he had sent there to strengthen the garrison.
The Civil War, Book III, 21–28 · 📍 [[Cosa in the district of Thurinum]] · in the meantime
There having received a blow of a stone thrown from the wall of the town which was commanded by Quintus Pedius with one legion, he died of it;
The Civil War, Book III, 21–28 · 📍 [[Brundisium]]
Libo having sailed from Oricum, with a fleet of fifty ships, which he commanded, came to Brundisium, and seized an island, which lies opposite to the harbour; judging it better to guard that place, which was our only pass to sea, than to keep all the shores and ports blocked up by a fleet.
The Civil War, Book III, 21–28 · 📍 [[Brundisium]]
Marcus Antonius Scribonius Libo
and at the first charge took one of the four-banked galleys, with the seamen and marines, and forced the rest to flee disgracefully.
The Civil War, Book III, 21–28 · 📍 [[Brundisium]]
Libo, vexed at the distress and disgrace, departed from Brundisium, and abandoned the blockade.
The Civil War, Book III, 21–28 · 📍 [[Brundisium]]
Caesar, feeling some trouble on this account, wrote in severe terms to his officers at Brundisium, and gave them orders that as soon as they found the wind to answer, they should not let the opportunity of setting sail pass by, if they were even to steer their course to the shore of Apollonia:
The Civil War, Book III, 21–28 · 📍 [[Nymphaeum]] · the next day
Caesar Marcus Antonius Quintus Fufius Kalenus
having got a southerly wind, weighed anchor, and the next day were carried past Apollonia and Dyrrachium, and being seen from the continent, Quintus Coponius, who commanded the Rhodian fleet at Dyrrachium, put out of the port with his ships;
The Civil War, Book III, 21–28
and thus, by a change of circumstances, the storm protected our ships, and damaged the Rhodian fleet to such a degree, that all their decked ships, sixteen in number, foundered, without exception, and were wrecked: and of the prodigious number of seamen and soldiers, some lost their lives by being dashed against the rocks, others were taken by our men: but Caesar sent them all safe home.
The Civil War, Book III, 21–28 · 📍 [[Lissus]]
but as soon as they were brought before him, contrary to the obligation of his oath, they were inhumanly put to death in his presence.
The Civil War, Book III, 21–28 · 📍 [[Lissus]] · at daybreak
and at daybreak, when Otacilius had sent against them a party of the horse, who guarded that part of the coast, to the number of four hundred, besides some armed men, who had followed them from the garrison, they made a brave defence, and having killed some of them, retreated in safety to our army.
The Civil War, Book III, 29–35 · 📍 [[Lissus]]
received Antony into their town, and gave him every assistance.
The Civil War, Book III, 29–35 · The next day
The next day Caesar came up with him.
The Civil War, Book III, 29–35 · 📍 [[Asparagium]]
went with all his forces to Asparagium, in the territory of Dyrrachium, and there encamped in a convenient situation.
The Civil War, Book III, 29–35 · 📍 [[mount Amanus]] · During these times
Scipio, though he had sustained some losses near mount Amanus, had assumed to himself the title of imperator
The Civil War, Book III, 29–35 · in those two years
Therefore, in those two years, the debt of the province was doubled
The Civil War, Book III, 29–35 · 📍 [[Pergamus]]
he drew off his legions to winter quarters to Pergamus, and the most wealthy cities, and made them rich presents: and in order to attach them more firmly to his interest, permitted them to plunder the cities.
The Civil War, Book III, 29–35 · 📍 [[Thessaly]]
Caesar Lucius Cassius Longinus
he despatched Lucius Cassius Longinus, with the twenty-seventh, a legion composed of young soldiers, and two hundred horse, to Thessaly
The Civil War, Book III, 29–35 · 📍 [[Aetolia]]
Caesar Caius Calvisius Sabinus
Caius Calvisius Sabinus, with five cohorts, and a small party of horse, into Aetolia.
The Civil War, Book III, 29–35 · 📍 [[Macedonia]]
Caesar Cneius Domitius Calvinus
He ordered Cneius Domitius Calvinus to march into Macedonia with two legions, the eleventh and twelfth, and five hundred horse
The Civil War, Book III, 29–35 · 📍 [[Aetolia]] · on his first arrival in Aetolia
dislodged the enemy's garrisons in Calydon and Naupactus, and made himself master of the whole country.
The Civil War, Book III, 29–35 · 📍 [[Thessaly]]
Hegasaretus, a man of established power, favoured Pompey's interest.
The Civil War, Book III, 29–35 · 📍 [[Thessaly]]
Petreius, a young man of a most noble family, warmly supported Caesar with his own and his friends' influence.
The Civil War, Book III, 36–42 · 📍 [[the river Haliacmon]]
Scipio Favonius
On receipt of these despatches, Scipio changed his designs and his route, desisted from his pursuit of Cassius, and hastened to relieve Favonius.
The Civil War, Book III, 36–42 · After a few days
And when Quintus Varus, commander of Domitius's horse, came there as usual, they suddenly rushed from their ambush. But our men bravely supported their charge, and returned quickly every man to his own rank, and in their turn, made a general charge on the enemy: and having killed about eighty of them, and put the rest to flight, retreated to their camp with the loss of only two men.
The Civil War, Book III, 36–42
Cneius Domitius Calvinus Marcus Opimius
Our men, perceiving that the enemy had discovered their plot, and thinking it in vain to wait for any more, having got two troops in their power, intercepted them. Among them was Marcus Opimius, general of the horse, but he made his escape: they either killed or took prisoners all the rest of these two troops, and brought them to Domitius.
The Civil War, Book III, 36–42 · 📍 [[Oricum]]
Caesar, having drawn his garrisons out of the sea-ports, as before mentioned, left three cohorts at Oricum to protect the town, and committed to them the charge of his ships of war, which he had transported from Italy. Acilius, as lieutenant-general, had the charge of this duty and the command of the town;
The Civil War, Book III, 36–42 · 📍 [[Oricum]]
Cneius, Pompey's son Marcus Acilius
he overpowered our men by fatigue, and the immense number of darts, and took the ship, having beat off the men who were put on board to defend it, who, however, made their escape in small boats; and at the same time he seized a natural mole on the opposite side, which almost formed an island over against the town.
The Civil War, Book III, 36–42 · 📍 [[Oricum]]
Cneius, Pompey's son Marcus Acilius
Then attacking on both sides the ships of war which were moored to the shore, and were not manned, he carried off four of them, and set the rest on fire.
The Civil War, Book III, 36–42
Cneius, Pompey's son Decimus Laelius
After despatching this business, he left Decimus Laelius, whom he had taken away from the command of the Asiatic fleet, to hinder provisions from being brought into the town from Biblis and Amantia,
The Civil War, Book III, 36–42 · 📍 [[Lissus]]
Cneius, Pompey's son Marcus Antonius
and went himself to Lissus, where he attacked thirty merchantmen, left within the port by Antonius, and set them on fire.
The Civil War, Book III, 36–42 · 📍 [[Lissus]] · three days
He attempted to storm Lissus, but being delayed three days by the vigorous defence of the Roman citizens who belonged to that district, and of the soldiers which Caesar had sent to keep garrison there, and having lost a few men in the assault, he returned without effecting his object.
The Civil War, Book III, 36–42 · 📍 [[Petra]]
Pompey, being cut off from Dyrrachium, as he was unable to effect his purpose, took a new resolution, and entrenched himself strongly on a rising ground, which is called Petra,
The Civil War, Book III, 36–42 · 📍 [[the country of the Parthini]] · some days before
and some days before had plundered the Parthini, and having ravaged and dug up their houses, carried off all the corn, which he collected by means of his horse.
The Civil War, Book III, 43–48 · that day
he encouraged them by Antonius, who commanded that legion, ordered the signal of battle to be sounded, and a charge to be made on the enemy. The soldiers of the ninth legion suddenly closing their files threw their javelins, and advancing impetuously from the low ground up the steep, drove Pompey's men precipitately before them, and obliged them to turn their backs;
The Civil War, Book III, 49–58 · 📍 [[Dyrrachium]] · in one day
Valerius (son of Lucius Flaccus)
Among them was Valerius, the son of Lucius Flaccus, who as praetor had formerly had the government of Asia
The Civil War, Book III, 49–58 · about midnight
about midnight quietly marched off his army, and retreated to his old fortifications.
The Civil War, Book III, 49–58 · 📍 [[Achaia]]
Caesar Quintus Fufius Kalenus Caius Calvisius Sabinus Lucius Cassius Longinus
Accordingly, he detached Fufius thither, and ordered Quintus Sabinus and Cassius to join him with their cohorts.
The Civil War, Book III, 49–58 · for some days at the first
These proposals Clodius made to him, and for some days at the first appeared to have met with a favourable reception, but afterwards was not admitted to an audience; for Scipio being reprimanded by Favonius, as we found afterwards when the war was ended, and the negotiation having miscarried, Clodius returned to Caesar.
The Civil War, Book III, 59–65
To them, for these reasons, he had committed the offices of greatest honour in their own country, and took care to have them chosen into the senate at an unusual age, and had bestowed on them lands taken from the enemy, and large pecuniary rewards, and from being needy had made them affluent.
The Civil War, Book III, 59–65
Roscillus Aegus Caius Volusenus Quadratus Pompey
they first attempted to assassinate Caius Volusenus, general of the horse (as was discovered at the end of the war), that they might appear to have fled to Pompey after conferring an important service on him.
The Civil War, Book III, 59–65
Pompey Lentulus Marcellinus Fulvius Costhumus
Pompey's army arrived suddenly by break of day, and their approach was a surprise to our men
The Civil War, Book III, 59–65 · shortly after
His arrival checked the Pompeians, and encouraged our men to recover from their extreme affright.
The Civil War, Book III, 59–65 · shortly after
And having there learnt the loss he had sustained, and perceiving that Pompey had forced our works, and had encamped along the coast, so that he was at liberty to forage, and had a communication with his shipping, he altered his plan for conducting the war
The Civil War, Book III, 66–72 · afterwards
Pompey took possession of it, and added more extensive works, leaving the inner rampart standing
The Civil War, Book III, 66–72 · after a few days
But he too, changing his design for reasons not necessary to be mentioned, abandoned the place.
The Civil War, Book III, 66–72 · after this battle
Pompey, after this battle, was saluted Imperator; this title he retained, and allowed himself to be addressed by it afterwards.
The Civil War, Book III, 66–72 · after this battle
Labienus, having obtained his consent that the prisoners should be delivered up to him, had them all brought out, as it appeared, to make a show of them, and that Pompey might place a greater confidence in him who was a deserter; and calling them fellow soldiers, and asking them in the most insulting manner whether it was usual with veterans to flee, ordered them to be put to death in the sight of the whole army.
The Civil War, Book III, 73–79
Accordingly, he at once called in all out-posts, gave over the siege, and collecting his army into one place
The Civil War, Book III, 73–79
Having concluded his speech, he disgraced some standard-bearers, and reduced them to the ranks
The Civil War, Book III, 73–79 · on the fourth day
on the fourth day desisted from the pursuit, and determined to follow other measures.
The Civil War, Book III, 73–79 · 📍 [[Heraclea Sentica]] · for several days
Domitius, who for several days had been encamped opposite Scipio, had quitted that post for the sake of provisions, and had marched to Heraclea Sentica
The Civil War, Book III, 73–79 · 📍 [[Aeginium]]
Cneius Domitius Calvinus Caesar
Domitius, who was scarce four hours' march distant, having got intelligence from these, by the courtesy of the enemy, avoided the danger, and met Caesar coming to join him at Aeginium
The Civil War, Book III, 80–85 · 📍 [[Gomphi]]
Androsthenes, the praetor of Thessaly, as he preferred to be the companion of Pompey's victory, rather than Caesar's associate in his misfortunes, collected all the people, both slaves and freemen, from the country into the town and shut the gates, and despatched messengers to Scipio and Pompey
The Civil War, Book III, 80–85 · 📍 [[Gomphi]] · at a little after three o'clock on the very day on which he arrived
he began his assault on the town at a little after three o'clock on the very day on which he arrived, and took it, though defended with very high walls, before sunset, and gave it up to his army to plunder
The Civil War, Book III, 80–85 · 📍 [[Metropolis]]
they threw open their gates. As he preserved them with the greatest care, there was not a state in Thessaly (except Larissa, which was awed by a strong army of Scipio's), but on comparing the fate of the inhabitants of Metropolis with the severe treatment of Gomphi, gave admission to Caesar, and obeyed his orders.
The Civil War, Book III, 80–85 · 📍 [[Thessaly]] · a few days after
Pompey arrived in Thessaly a few days after, and having harangued the combined army, returned thanks to his own men, and exhorted Scipio's soldiers, that as the victory was now secured, they should endeavour to merit a part of the rewards and booty. And receiving all the legions into one camp, he shared his honours with Scipio
The Civil War, Book III, 80–85 · Already
Attius Rufus Lucius Afranius Pompey
Attius Rufus charged Lucius Afranius before Pompey with betraying the army in the action that happened in Spain
The Civil War, Book III, 86–92 · a few days before
Pompey also, as was afterward known, at the unanimous solicitation of his friends, had determined to try the fate of a battle.
The Civil War, Book III, 86–92 · the day following
At the same time he gave them notice to be ready for battle on the day following
The Civil War, Book III, 86–92
Having so said, he took an oath, never to return to his camp unless victorious
The Civil War, Book III, 86–92
Caesar Marcus Antonius P. Sulla Cneius Domitius Calvinus
He gave the command of the left wing to Antonius, of the right to P. Sulla, and of the centre to Cn. Domitius
The Civil War, Book III, 86–92
After delivering this speech, he gave by a trumpet the signal to his soldiers
The Civil War, Book III, 86–92 · When the signal was given
Crastinus Caesar
After uttering these words he charged first on the right wing, and about one hundred and twenty chosen volunteers of the same century followed.
The Civil War, Book III, 93–100
he quitted the field, and retreated straightway on horseback to his camp
The Civil War, Book III, 93–100 · 📍 [[Larissa]]
Nor did he stop there, but with the same despatch collecting a few of his flying troops, and halting neither day nor night, he arrived at the sea-side, attended by only thirty horse, and went on board a victualling barque
The Civil War, Book III, 93–100 · At break of day
he pardoned them all, and gave orders to his soldiers that no injury should be done to them, and nothing taken from them.
The Civil War, Book III, 93–100
Crastinus, also, of whom mention was made before, fighting most courageously, lost his life by the wound of a sword in the mouth
The Civil War, Book III, 93–100
Lucius Domitius, fleeing from the camp to the mountains, his strength being exhausted by fatigue, was killed by the horse.
The Civil War, Book III, 93–100 · 📍 [[Brundisium]] · About this time
About this time, Decimus Laelius arrived with his fleet at Brundisium and in the same manner as Libo had done before, possessed himself of an island opposite the harbour of Brundisium.
The Civil War, Book III, 93–100 · 📍 [[Brundisium]]
took one five-benched galley and two smaller vessels that had ventured farther than the rest into a narrow part of the harbour
The Civil War, Book III, 93–100 · 📍 [[Brundisium]] · till he had received advice of the battle in Thessaly
and till he had received advice of the battle in Thessaly, he could not be forced either by the disgrace of losing his ships, or by the want of necessaries, to quit the port and islands.
The Civil War, Book III, 101–107
Pompey Achillas Lucius Septimius
he embarked in a small boat with a few attendants, and was there murdered by Achillas and Septimius.
The Civil War, Book III, 101–107 · In like manner
In like manner, Lucius Lentulus was seized by the king's order, and put to death in prison.
The Civil War, Book III, 108–112 · 📍 [[Rome]]
By the will of Ptolemy the father, the elder of his two sons and the more advanced in years of his two daughters were declared his heirs
The Civil War, Book III, 108–112 · 📍 [[Alexandria]]
it was lodged with Pompey: another was left sealed up, and kept at Alexandria.
The Civil War, Book III, 108–112
without hearing them, or learning the occasion of their coming, he ordered them to be seized and put to death.
The Civil War, Book III, 108–112 · 📍 [[Alexandria]]
But Caesar gained the day, and set fire to all those ships, and to others which were in the docks
The Civil War, Book III, 108–112 · 📍 [[the Pharos]]
Caesar being greatly alarmed on this account, whilst the enemy were engaged in battle, landed his soldiers, seized the Pharos, and placed a garrison in it.
The Civil War, Book III, 108–112 · 📍 [[the palace]]
Ptolemy's younger daughter Achillas
Ptolemy's younger daughter, hoping the throne would become vacant, made her escape from the palace to Achillas, and assisted him in prosecuting the war.