Plutarch's Lives — Chronicle
Ordered by chapter. No event in this book could be dated from the text, so it is not dated — no anchor, no chronology; a date is never inferred. Time expressions are copied from the text as written. Every event links back to one sentence of the original.
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430 events · no event could be dated from the text
Undated
Theseus · 📍 [[Crete]]
When he arrived at Crete, as most of the ancient historians as well as poets tell us, having a clue of thread given him by Ariadne, who had fallen in love with him, and being instructed by her how to use it so as to conduct him through the windings of the labyrinth, he escaped out of it and slew the Minotaur, and sailed back, taking along with him Ariadne and the young Athenian captives.
Theseus · 📍 [[Attica]] · When they were come near the coast of Attica
When they were come near the coast of Attica, so great was the joy for the happy success of their voyage, that neither Theseus himself nor the pilot remembered to hang out the sail which should have been the token of their safety to Aegeus, who, in despair at the sight, threw himself headlong from a rock, and perished in the sea.
Theseus · 📍 [[Athens]] · after the death of his father Aegeus
Now, after the death of his father Aegeus, forming in his mind a great and wonderful design, he gathered together all the inhabitants of Attica into one town, and made them one people of one city
Theseus · after the death of Antiope
Theseus [[Phaedra]]
It is true, indeed, that Theseus married Phaedra, but that was after the death of Antiope, by whom he had a son called Hippolytus, or, as Pindar writes, Demophon.
Theseus · 📍 [[Scyros]]
But Lycomedes, either jealous of the glory of so great a man, or to gratify Menestheus, having led him up to the highest cliff of the island, on pretense of showing him from thence the lands that he desired, threw him headlong down from the rock, and killed him.
Romulus · In time
Ilia Antho Amulius [[Romulus]] [[Remus]]
This lady some call Ilia, others Rhea, and others Silvia; however, not long after, she was, contrary to the established laws of the Vestals, discovered to be with child, and should have suffered the most cruel punishment, had not Antho, the king's daughter, mediated with her father for her; nevertheless, she was confined, and debarred all company, that she might not be delivered without the king's knowledge. In time she brought forth two boys, of more than human size and beauty, whom Amulius, becoming yet more alarmed, commanded a servant to take and cast away;
Romulus
[[Romulus]] [[Remus]] Amulius
Remus rousing the citizens within to revolt, and Romulus making attacks from without, the tyrant, not knowing either what to do, or what expedient to think of for his security, in this perplexity and confusion was taken and put to death.
Romulus · 📍 [[Alba]] · Amulius now being dead
[[Romulus]] [[Remus]]
Amulius now being dead and matters quietly disposed, the two brothers would neither dwell in Alba without governing there, nor take the government into their own hands during the life of their grandfather. Having therefore delivered the dominion up into his hands, and paid their mother befitting honor, they resolved to live by themselves, and build a city in the same place where they were in their infancy brought up.
Romulus · at last
[[Romulus]] [[Remus]] Faustulus [[Plistinus]]
When Remus knew the cheat, he was much displeased; and as Romulus was casting up a ditch, where he designed the foundation of the citywall, he turned some pieces of the work to ridicule, and obstructed others: at last, as he was in contempt leaping over it, some say Romulus himself struck him, others Celer, one of his companions; he fell, however, and in the scuffle Faustulus also was slain, and Plistinus, who, being Faustulus's brother, story tells us, helped to bring up Romulus.
Romulus · In the fourth month, after the city was built
[[Romulus]]
Upon discovery of this altar, Romulus, by proclamation, appointed a day for a splendid sacrifice, and for public games and shows, to entertain all sorts of people; many flocked thither, and he himself sat in front, amidst his nobles, clad in purple. Now the signal for their falling on was to be whenever he rose and gathered up his robe and threw it over his body; his men stood all ready armed, with their eyes intent upon him, and when the sign was given, drawing their swords and falling on with a great shout, they ravished away the daughters of the Sabines, they themselves flying without any let or hindrance.
Romulus · 📍 [[Comitium]]
Hersilia [[Romulus]] [[Tatius]]
Hersilia having spoken many such words as these, and the others earnestly praying, a truce was made, and the chief officers came to a parley; the women, in the mean time, brought and presented their husbands and children to their fathers and brothers; gave those that wanted, meat and drink, and carried the wounded home to be cured, and showed also how much they governed within doors, and how indulgent their husbands were to them, in demeaning themselves towards them with all kindness and respect imaginable. Upon this, conditions were agreed upon, that what women pleased might stay where they were, exempt, as aforesaid, from all drudgery and labor but spinning; that the Romans and Sabines should inhabit the city together; that the city should be called Rome, from Romulus; but the Romans, Quirites, from the country of Tatius; and that they both should govern and command in common.
Romulus · 📍 [[Lavinium]] · In the fifth year of the reign of Tatius
[[Tatius]] [[Romulus]]
The relations of the slain, being debarred of lawful satisfaction by reason of Tatius, fell upon him as he was sacrificing with Romulus at Lavinium, and slew him; but escorted Romulus home, commending and extolling him for a just prince. Romulus took the body of Tatius, and buried it very splendidly in the Aventine Mount, near the place called Armilustrium, but altogether neglected revenging his murder.
Romulus · on the Nones of July
[[Romulus]] [[Julius Proculus]]
He disappeared on the Nones of July, as they now call the month which was then Quintilis, leaving nothing of certainty to be related of his death; only the time, as just mentioned, for on that day many ceremonies are still performed in representation of what happened.
Comparison of Romulus with Theseus · 📍 [[Crete]]
But what Theseus adventured, in offering himself voluntarily with young boys and virgins, as part of the tribute unto Crete, either to be a prey to a monster or a victim upon the tomb of Androgeus,
Comparison of Romulus with Theseus
[[Romulus]] [[Remus]]
both the brothers being thought servants and the sons of swineherds, before becoming freemen themselves, gave liberty to almost all the Latins, obtaining at once all the most honorable titles,
Comparison of Romulus with Theseus
[[Romulus]]
but at first, not by removal, or increase of an existing city, but by foundation of a new one, he obtained himself lands, a country, a kingdom, wives, children, and relations.
Comparison of Romulus with Theseus
[[Romulus]] Acron
And if it be a great thing to have been wounded in battle by the Sabines, to have killed king Acron, and to have conquered many enemies,
Comparison of Romulus with Theseus
[[Romulus]] Hersilia
Romulus, when he had taken near eight hundred women, chose not all, but only Hersilia, as they say, for himself; the rest he divided among the chief of the city;
Numa Pompilius · 📍 [[Goat's Marsh]] · on the fifth day of the month of July, called the Caprotine Nones
[[Romulus]]
Suddenly the sky was darkened, a thick cloud of storm and rain settled on the earth; the common people fled in affright, and were dispersed; and in this whirlwind Romulus disappeared, his body being never found either living or dead.
Numa Pompilius · 📍 [[Rome]]
[[Numa Pompilius]]
Numa, yielding to these inducements, having first performed divine sacrifice, proceeded to Rome, being met in his way by the senate and people, who, with an impatient desire, came forth to receive him; the women, also, welcomed him with joyful acclamations, and sacrifices were offered for him in all the temples, and so universal was the joy, that they seemed to be receiving, not a new king, but a new kingdom. In this manner he descended into the forum, where Spurius Vettius, whose turn it was to be interrex at that hour, put it to the vote; and all declared him king.
Numa Pompilius · after she had been married thirteen years
[[Tatia]]
She is said to have died after she had been married thirteen years, and then Numa, leaving the conversation of the town, betook himself to a country life
Numa Pompilius
[[Numa Pompilius]]
the original constitution of the priests, called Pontifices, is ascribed unto Numa, and he himself was, it is said, the first of them
Numa Pompilius
[[Numa Pompilius]]
So, distinguishing the whole people by the several arts and trades, he formed the companies of musicians, goldsmiths, carpenters, dyers, shoemakers, skinners, braziers, and potters; and all other handicraftsmen he composed and reduced into a single company
Numa Pompilius · During the reign of Numa
[[Numa Pompilius]]
But, during the reign of Numa, those gates were never seen open a single day, but continued constantly shut for a space of forty-three years together; such an entire and universal cessation of war existed.
Numa Pompilius
[[Numa Pompilius]]
Numa, calculating the difference between the lunar and the solar' year at eleven days, for that the moon completed her anniversary course in three hundred and fifty-four days, and the sun in three hundred and sixty-five, to remedy this incongruity doubled the eleven days, and every other year added an intercalary month
Numa Pompilius · Numa lived something above eighty years
[[Numa Pompilius]]
Numa lived something above eighty years, and then, as Piso writes, was not taken out of the world by a sudden or acute disease, but died of old age and by a gradual and gentle decline.
Comparison of Numa with Lycurgus · 📍 [[Rome]]
Numa accepted and Lycurgus resigned a kingdom; Numa received without desiring it, Lycurgus had it and gave it up;
Comparison of Numa with Lycurgus · 📍 [[Sparta]]
the other from the condition of a prince voluntarily descended to the state of privacy.
Comparison of Numa with Lycurgus · 📍 [[Rome]]
Numa's muse was a gentle and loving inspiration, fitting him well to turn and soothe his people into peace and justice out of their violent and fiery tempers;
Comparison of Numa with Lycurgus · in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus
[[Thalaea]] Gegania
one Thalaea, the wife of Pinarius, had a quarrel (the first instance of the kind) with her mother-in-law, Gegania, in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus;
Comparison of Numa with Lycurgus · 📍 [[Italy]] · on his death
But Numa's whole design and aim, the continuance of peace and good-will, on his death vanished with him; no sooner did he expire his last breath than the gates of Janus's temple flew wide open, and, as if war had, indeed, been kept and caged up within those walls, it rushed forth to fill all Italy with blood and slaughter;
Comparison of Numa with Lycurgus · 📍 [[Sparta]]
The result was that the main points and fundamentals of his legislation continued for above five hundred years, like some deep and thoroughly ingrained tincture, retaining their hold upon the nation.
Solon
[[Solon]]
he was chosen archon, however, after Philombrotus, and empowered to be an arbitrator and lawgiver;
Solon
[[Solon]]
For the first thing which he settled was, that what debts remained should be forgiven, and no man, for the future, should engage the body of his debtor for security.
Solon · 📍 [[Salamis]]
[[Solon]]
For he beat the Megarians, and as many as were not killed in the battle he sent away upon conditions.
Solon
[[Solon]] [[Myron]]
they were found guilty, and as many as were then alive were banished, and the bodies of the dead were dug up, and scattered beyond the confines of the country.
Solon · 📍 [[Athens]]
but the greatest benefit was his purifying and sanctifying the city, by certain propitiatory and expiatory lustrations, and foundation of sacred buildings;
Solon · for ten years' absence
[[Solon]]
and, having obtained leave for ten years' absence, departed, hoping that by that time his laws would have become familiar.
Solon · 📍 [[Acropolis]]
[[Pisistratus]] Megacles
until he seized the Acropolis. When that was done, and the city in an uproar, Megacles, with all his family, at once fled;
Comparison of Poplicola with Solon
[[Poplicola]]
his death did not only draw tears from his friends and acquaintance, but was the object of universal regret and sorrow through the whole city;
Comparison of Poplicola with Solon
[[Solon]]
this dangerous but powerful remedy actually put an end to civil violence already existing,
Comparison of Poplicola with Solon · 📍 [[Athens]]
[[Solon]]
Solon, leaving his laws, as soon as he had made them, engraven in wood, but destitute of a defender, departed from Athens;
Comparison of Poplicola with Solon
[[Solon]] [[Pisistratus]]
Solon, though he actually knew of Pisistratus's ambition, yet was not able to suppress it, but had to yield to usurpation in its infancy;
Comparison of Poplicola with Solon
[[Poplicola]] [[Tarquin]]
Poplicola, in the very beginning, exposed himself to the greatest risk, took arms against Tarquin, detected the conspiracy,
Comparison of Poplicola with Solon
[[Poplicola]]
whereas Poplicola utterly subverted and dissolved a potent monarchy, strongly settled by long continuance;
Comparison of Poplicola with Solon
[[Poplicola]] [[Porsenna]]
Porsenna putting an end to the war, and leaving them all the provision of his camp,
Camillus · 📍 [[Veii]]
The city, however, being taken by storm, and the soldiers busied in pillaging and gathering an infinite quantity of riches and spoil, Camillus, from the high tower, viewing what was done
Camillus
Thus, like Achilles, having left his imprecations on the citizens, he went into banishment; so that, neither appearing nor making defense, he was condemned in the sum of fifteen thousand asses
Camillus · 📍 [[Rome]] · On the third day after the battle
On the third day after the battle, Brennus appeared with his army at the city, and, finding the gates wide open and no guards upon the walls, first began to suspect it was some design or stratagem
Camillus · 📍 [[Rome]] · As soon as day appeared
As soon as day appeared, Camillus came up with him, splendidly armed himself, and his soldiers full of courage and confidence; and there engaging with him in a sharp conflict, which lasted a long while, overthrew his army with great slaughter, and took their camp.
Camillus · 📍 [[Falerii]]
Camillus sent them to Rome, where, being brought into the senate, they spoke to this purpose: that the Romans, preferring justice before victory, had taught them rather to embrace submission than liberty
Camillus · 📍 [[Capitol]]
Camillus, considering this, transferred the court outside the gates to the Peteline Grove, from whence there is no prospect of the Capitol. Here his accuser went on with his charge, and his judges were capable of remembering and duly resenting his guilty deeds. He was convicted, carried to the Capitol, and flung headlong from the rock
Camillus · 📍 [[Rome]] · In the election of consuls held by Camillus
Furius Camillus Marcus Aemilius Lucius Sextius
In the election of consuls held by Camillus, Marcus Aemilius was chosen of the patricians, and Lucius Sextius the first of the commonalty
Camillus · 📍 [[Rome]] · In the year following
In the year following, a pestilential sickness infected Rome, which, besides an infinite number of the common people, swept away most of the magistrates, among whom was Camillus
Pericles · a few days after
Agariste [[Pericles]]
and a few days after was delivered of Pericles, in other respects perfectly formed, only his head was somewhat longish and out of proportion.
Pericles · 📍 [[Athens]] · when Aristides was now dead, and Themistocles driven out
[[Pericles]]
Pericles, seeing things in this posture, now advanced and took his side, not with the rich and few, but with the many and poor, contrary to his natural bent, which was far from democratical;
Pericles · The ostracism was limited by law to ten years
Cimon [[Pericles]]
Cimon, also, was banished by ostracism as a favorer of the Lacedaemonians and a hater of the people, though in wealth and noble birth he was among the first, and had won several most glorious victories over the barbarians, and had filled the city with money and spoils of war; as is recorded in the history of his life.
Pericles
his enemies, lying in wait for him, by the means of Aristodicus the Tanagraean, privately dispatched him.
Pericles · 📍 [[Athens]] · at that time
[[Pericles]] [[Thucydides]]
At length, coming to a final contest with Thucydides, which of the two should ostracize the other out of the country, and having gone through this peril, he threw his antagonist out, and broke up the confederacy that had been organized against him.
Pericles · 📍 [[Samos]] · In the ninth month
[[Pericles]]
In the ninth month, the Samians surrendering themselves and delivering up the town, Pericles pulled down their walls, and seized their shipping, and set a fine of a large sum of money upon them
Pericles · 📍 [[Athens]] · till they freely passed their votes upon him
[[Pericles]]
till they freely passed their votes upon him, resumed their power, took away his command from him, and fined him in a sum of money
Pericles · 📍 [[Athens]] · after his death
[[Pericles]]
The course of public affairs after his death produced a quick and speedy sense of the loss of Pericles.
Fabius · 📍 [[Lake Thrasymene]] · In this battle
In this battle Flaminius fell, after many proofs of his strength and courage, and round about him all the bravest of the army
Fabius
Fabius, being thus installed in the office of dictator, in the first place gave the command of the horse to Lucius Minucius
Fabius
Fabius Maximus Lucius Minucius
But they decreed that Minucius should have an equal authority with the dictator in the conduct of the war;
Fabius · 📍 [[camp of Fabius]] · this day
Fabius Maximus Lucius Minucius
When he came near the dictator's tent, Fabius went forth to meet him, on which he at once laid his standards at his feet, calling him with a loud voice his father
Fabius · 📍 [[Cannae]] · In this battle
Aemilius Paulus Cornelius Lentulus
Having dispatched Lentulus with this commission, he marked where the slaughter was greatest, and there threw himself upon the swords of the enemy.
Fabius · 📍 [[Tarentum]] · On the sixth day of the siege
On the sixth day of the siege, the young Tarentine slips by night out of the town, and, having carefully observed the place where the Bruttian commander, according to agreement, was to admit the Romans, gave an account of the whole matter to Fabius; who thought it not safe to rely wholly upon the plot, but, while proceeding with secrecy to the post, gave order for a general assault to be made on the other side of the town, both by land and sea. This being accordingly executed, while the Tarentines hurried to defend the town on the side attacked, Fabius received the signal from the Bruttian, scaled the walls, and entered the town unopposed.
Fabius · shortly afterwards
Scipio, however, shortly afterwards fought Hannibal, and utterly defeated him, humbled the pride of Carthage beneath his feet
Fabius · about the time that Hannibal left Italy
Fabius Maximus, however, did not live to see the prosperous end of this war, and the final overthrow of Hannibal, nor to rejoice in the reestablished happiness and security of the commonwealth; for about the time that Hannibal left Italy, he fell sick and died.
Comparison of Pericles with Fabius · 📍 [[Tarentum]]
We may set Tarentum retaken against Samos won by Pericles
Comparison of Pericles with Fabius · 📍 [[Samos]]
[[Pericles]]
We may set Tarentum retaken against Samos won by Pericles
Comparison of Pericles with Fabius
Fabius [[Minucius]]
that memorable rescue of Minucius, when Fabius redeemed both him and his army from utter destruction
Comparison of Pericles with Fabius · 📍 [[Athens]]
[[Pericles]] Cimon [[Thucydides]]
the exertions of Pericles to banish Cimon and Thucydides, noble, aristocratic men, who by his means suffered ostracism.
Comparison of Pericles with Fabius
[[Tolmides]]
only Tolmides broke loose from him, and, contrary to his persuasions, unadvisedly fought with the Boeotians, and was slain.
Comparison of Pericles with Fabius
[[Pericles]]
it is imputed to Pericles that he occasioned the war, since no terms of peace, offered by the Lacedaemonians, would content him.
Alcibiades · afterwards
Clinias Alcibiades [[Pericles]] Ariphron
His father Clinias, having fitted out a galley at his own expense, gained great honor in the sea-fight at Artemisium, and was afterwards slain in the battle of Coronea, fighting against the Boeotians. Pericles and Ariphron, the sons of Xanthippus, nearly related to him, became the guardians of Alcibiades.
Alcibiades · soon after
Alcibiades Hipponicus Hipparete
Upon this Hipponicus forgot all his resentment, and not only pardoned him, but soon after gave him his daughter Hipparete in marriage.
Alcibiades · presently
Thus the Lacedaemonian ambassadors were utterly rejected, and Alcibiades was declared general, who presently united the Argives, the Eleans, and the people of Mantinea, into a confederacy with the Athenians.
Alcibiades · 📍 [[Sicily]] · soon after
Arriving on the coast of Italy, he landed at Rhegium, and there stated his views of the manner in which they ought to conduct the war. He was opposed by Nicias, but Lamachus being of his opinion, they sailed for Sicily forthwith, and took Catana. This was all that was done while he was there, for he was soon after recalled by the Athenians to abide his trial.
Alcibiades
He was condemned as contumacious upon his not appearing, his property confiscated, and it was decreed that all the priests and priestesses should solemnly curse him.
Alcibiades · 📍 [[Sparta]] · at his very first coming
The Spartans giving him the security he desired, he went eagerly, was well received, and, at his very first coming, succeeded in inducing them, without any further caution or delay, to send aid to the Syracusans; and so roused and excited them, that they forthwith dispatched Gylippus into Sicily, to crush the forces which the Athenians had in Sicily.
Alcibiades · 📍 [[Athens]]
The people crowned him with crowns of gold, and created him general, both at land and sea, with absolute power. They also made a decree that his estate should be restored to him, and that the Eumolpidae and the holy heralds should absolve him from the curses which they had solemnly pronounced against him by sentence of the people.
Alcibiades · 📍 [[Phrygia]] · When he was dead
Alcibiades [[Timandra]]
The barbarians, as soon as they saw him, retreated, and none of them durst stay to expect him, or to engage with him, but, standing at a distance, they slew him with their darts and arrows. When he was dead, the barbarians departed, and Timandra took up his dead body, and, covering and wrapping it up in her own robes, she buried it as decently and as honorably as her circumstances would allow.
Coriolanus · 📍 [[Rome]]
[[Junius Brutus]] [[Sicinnius Vellutus]]
A reconciliation ensued, the senate acceding to the request of the people for the annual election of five protectors for those in need of succor, the same that are now called the tribunes of the people; and the first two they pitched upon were Junius Brutus and Sicinnius Vellutus, their leaders in the secession.
Coriolanus · 📍 [[Corioli]]
let us pass a vote, I mean, that he shall hereafter be called Coriolanus, unless you think that his performance at Corioli has itself anticipated any such resolution.
Coriolanus
In conclusion, when they came to vote, a majority of three tribes condemned him; the penalty being perpetual banishment.
Coriolanus
Caius Marcius [[Tullus Aufidius]]
They joined him in commission with Tullus, to have full power as general of their forces in all that related to the war.
Coriolanus
and, having taken by force Toleria, Lavici, Peda, and Bola, all of which offered resistance, not only plundered their houses, but made a prey likewise of their persons.
Coriolanus · The next morning
The next morning, he broke up his camp, and led the Volscians homeward, variously affected with what he had done;
Coriolanus · 📍 [[Antium]]
Caius Marcius [[Tullus Aufidius]]
For these reasons, the conspirators judged it prudent not to make any further delays, nor to test the general feeling; but the boldest of their faction, crying out that they ought not to listen to a traitor, nor allow him still to retain office and play the tyrant among them, fell upon Marcius in a body, and slew him there, none of those that were present offering to defend him.
Comparison of Alcibiades with Coriolanus
Yet this policy, which engaged the city again in war, nevertheless placed it in a powerful and formidable position, by the accession, which Alcibiades obtained for it, of the alliance of Argos and Mantinea.
Comparison of Alcibiades with Coriolanus
And Coriolanus also, Dionysius relates, used unfair means to excite war between the Romans and the Volscians, in the false report which he spread about the visitors at the Games;
Comparison of Alcibiades with Coriolanus · after he was driven out a second time
and after he was driven out a second time, so far from taking pleasure in the errors and inadvertencies of their commanders, or being indifferent to the danger they were thus incurring, he did the very thing that Aristides is so highly commended for doing to Themistocles: he came to the generals who were his enemies, and pointed out to them what they ought to do.
Comparison of Alcibiades with Coriolanus
Alcibiades [[Tisaphernes]]
Driven about from house to house in the city, and from general to general in the camp, the latter had no resort but to place himself in the hands of Tisaphernes;
Comparison of Alcibiades with Coriolanus
Coriolanus was condemned in person at Rome; and in like manner killed by the Volscians, not indeed with any right or justice, yet not without some pretext occasioned by his own acts;
Comparison of Alcibiades with Coriolanus
since, after rejecting all conditions of peace in public, in private he yielded to the solicitations of the women, and, without establishing peace, threw up the favorable chances of war.
Comparison of Alcibiades with Coriolanus
And so, in spite of great and frequent hurt that he had done the city, he was repeatedly appointed to office and command;
Timoleon · 📍 [[Corinth]] · After a few days
[[Timophanes]] [[Timoleon]] Aeschylus
But when Timophanes began first to laugh at the men's simplicity, and presently broke out into rage and indignation against them, Timoleon stepped aside from him and stood weeping with his face covered, while the other two, drawing out their swords, dispatched him in a moment.
Timoleon · 📍 [[Corinth]]
[[Timoleon]]
The Corinthians, who had always a great concern for all their colonies and plantations, but especially for Syracuse, since by good fortune there was nothing to molest them in their own country, where they were enjoying peace and leisure at that time, readily and with one accord passed a vote for their assistance.
Timoleon · 📍 [[Tauromenium]]
[[Timoleon]] Andromachus
But upon secret notice that the rest of the galleys were already gone on, and that his alone remained waiting for him, by the help and concealment of those Rhegians that were about the hustings and favored his departure, he made shift to slip away through the crowd, and, running down to the port, set sail with all speed; and having reached his other vessels, they came all safe to Tauromenium in Sicily, whither they had been formerly invited, and where they were now kindly received by Andromachus, then ruler of the city.
Timoleon · 📍 [[Syracuse]] · within fifty days after his landing in Sicily
Dionysius [[Timoleon]] Euclides [[Telemachus]]
For now the neighboring cities and potentates sent deputies, one upon another, to seek his friendship and make offer of their service. Among the rest, Mamercus, the tyrant of Catana, an experienced warrior and a wealthy prince, made proposals of alliance with him, and, what was of greater importance still, Dionysius himself being now grown desperate, and wellnigh forced to surrender, despising Hicetes who had been thus shamefully baffled, and admiring the valor of Timoleon, found means to advertise him and his Corinthians that he should be content to deliver up himself and the citadel into their hands.
Timoleon · 📍 [[Syracuse]]
[[Timoleon]]
When they all came up with one accord, looking upon that order and that day as the surest foundation of their liberty, they not only pulled down the castle, but overturned the palaces and monuments adjoining, and whatever else might preserve any memory of former tyrants. Having soon leveled and cleared the place, he there presently erected courts for administration of justice, gratifying the citizens by this means, and building popular government on the fall and ruin of tyranny.
Timoleon · 📍 [[river Crimesus]] · about the beginning of summer
[[Timoleon]] Demaretus
So that, in fine, the storm bearing still upon them, and the Greeks having cut in pieces four hundred men of their first ranks, the whole body of their army began to fly. Great numbers were overtaken in the plain, and put to the sword there; and many of them, as they were making their way back through the river, falling foul upon others that were yet coming over, were borne away and overwhelmed by the waters; but the major part, attempting to get up the hills and so make their escape, were intercepted and destroyed by the light-armed troops.
Timoleon · 📍 [[city of the Leontines]] · Not long after
[[Timoleon]] Hicetes Eupolemus
Not long after, Timoleon, marching up to the city of the Leontines, took Hicetes alive, and his son Eupolemus, and Euthymus, the commander of his horse, who were bound and brought to him by their own soldiers. Hicetes and the stripling his son were then executed as tyrants and traitors
Timoleon · 📍 [[Syracuse]] · Being thus cherished in his old age
[[Timoleon]]
Being thus cherished in his old age, with all the respect and tenderness due to a common father, he was seized with a very slight indisposition, which however was sufficient, with the aid of time, to put a period to his life.
Aemilius Paulus
Aemilius Paulus [[Papiria]]
Aemilius, having thus put away Papiria, married a second wife, by whom he had two sons
Aemilius Paulus · 📍 [[Italy]]
yet he vanquished and put them to flight, forcing them to retire into their walled towns
Aemilius Paulus
unanimously choosing him a second time consul; nor would they suffer the lots to be cast, as was usual, to determine which province should fall to his share, but immediately decreed him the command of the Macedonian war.
Aemilius Paulus · 📍 [[Macedonia]] · in two days
The Macedonians were always accounted great lovers of their kings, but now, as if their chief prop was broken, they all gave way together, and submitted to Aemilius, and in two days made him master of their whole country.
Aemilius Paulus
seeing there was no possible remedy, surrendered himself to Octavius.
Aemilius Paulus
It is said, this speech so stopped the soldiers' mouths, and altered their minds, that all the tribes decreed a triumph for Aemilius; which was performed after this manner.
Aemilius Paulus
One of these died at fourteen years of age, five days before his father's triumph; the other at twelve, three days after:
Aemilius Paulus · 📍 [[Rome]] · the third day after
he came back again to Rome, and there performed the holy rites with the rest of the priests, the people in the mean time crowding about him, and congratulating his return. The next day he sacrificed again to the gods for his recovery; and, having finished the sacrifice, returned to his house and sat down to dinner, when, all on a sudden and when no change was expected, he fell into a fit of delirium, and, being quite deprived of his senses, the third day after ended a life
Comparison of Timoleon with Aemilius Paulus · 📍 [[Macedon]]
One conquered Macedon from the seventh succeeding heir of Antigonus
Comparison of Timoleon with Aemilius Paulus · 📍 [[Sicily]]
[[Timoleon]] Dionysius
the other freed Sicily from usurping tyrants, and restored the island to its former liberty.
Comparison of Timoleon with Aemilius Paulus
the Syracusans sent even Gylippus home dishonorably, and with a reputation lost by the unsatiable covetousness he displayed
Comparison of Timoleon with Aemilius Paulus · 📍 [[Sicily]]
[[Timoleon]]
But Timoleon at the request and prayers of the Syracusans, was sent to be their general
Comparison of Timoleon with Aemilius Paulus · 📍 [[Sicily]]
[[Timoleon]]
for accepting of a house and handsome estate in the country, which the Syracusans presented him with
Comparison of Timoleon with Aemilius Paulus
the virtue of Aemilius was eminently seen in his countenance and behavior continuing as noble and lofty upon the loss of two dear sons
Comparison of Timoleon with Aemilius Paulus · for twenty years
[[Timoleon]]
after he had justly punished his brother, a truly heroic action, let his reason yield to a causeless sorrow, and, humiliated with grief and remorse, forbore for twenty years to appear in any public place
Pelopidas · 📍 [[Cadmea]] · at the festival of Ceres
[[Phoebidas]] Ismenias Pelopidas [[Pherenicus]]
He, accepting the proposal, at the festival of Ceres unexpectedly fell on the Thebans, and made himself master of the citadel. Ismenias was taken, carried to Sparta, and in a short time murdered; but Pelopidas, Pherenicus, Androclides, and many more that fled were publicly proclaimed outlaws.
Pelopidas · At last
At last Pelopidas prevailed, and having killed Leontidas, he and his companions went in pursuit of Hypates, and after the same manner broke into his house. He perceived the design, and fled to his neighbors; but they closely followed, and caught and killed him.
Pelopidas · 📍 [[Cadmea]] · Then
Then Pelopidas, being chosen chief captain of Boeotia, together with Melon and Charon, proceeded at once to blockade the citadel, and stormed it on all sides, being extremely desirous to expel the Lacedaemonians, and free the Cadmea, before an army could come from Sparta to their relief. And he just so narrowly succeeded, that they, having surrendered on terms and departed, on their way home met Cleombrotus at Megara marching towards Thebes with a considerable force.
Pelopidas · 📍 [[Leuctra]] · In this battle
Pelopidas Epaminondas Cleombrotus
In this battle, however, Epaminondas with his phalanx, neglecting the other Greeks, and charging them alone, and Pelopidas coming up with such incredible speed and fury, so broke their courage, and baffled their art, that there began such a flight and slaughter amongst the Spartans, as was never before known.
Pelopidas · 📍 [[Larissa]] · When he came into Thessaly
When he came into Thessaly with his army, he presently took Larissa, and endeavored to reclaim Alexander, who submitted, and bring him, from being a tyrant, to govern gently, and according to law;
Pelopidas · 📍 [[Pharsalus]]
But the tyrant, seeing them come unarmed and alone, seized them, and made himself master of Pharsalus.
Pelopidas · 📍 [[Cynoscephalae]]
Pelopidas now perceiving, from the rising ground, that the enemy's army was, though not yet routed, full of disorder and confusion, stood and looked about for Alexander; and when he saw him in the right wing, encouraging and ordering his mercenaries, he could not moderate his anger, but inflamed at the sight, and blindly following his passion, regardless alike of his own life and his command, advanced far before his soldiers, crying out and challenging the tyrant who did not dare to receive him, but retreating, hid himself amongst his guard. The foremost of the mercenaries that came hand to hand were driven back by Pelopidas, and some killed; but many at a distance shot through his armor and wounded him, till the Thessalians, in anxiety for the result, ran down from the hill to his relief, but found him already slain.
Marcellus · 📍 [[Rome]]
they condemned Capitolinus, and set a fine upon him;
Marcellus · 📍 [[Clastidium]]
he instantly ran upon the king, and pierced through his breastplate with his lance; then pressing upon him with the weight of his horse, threw him to the ground, and with two or three strokes more, slew him.
Marcellus
The rest of their towns, and all they had, the Gauls delivered up of their own accord to the Romans, and had peace upon equitable conditions granted to them.
Marcellus · 📍 [[Nola]]
Here Hannibal's soldiers, with much bloodshed and many wounds, were beaten back to their camp, and for the first time turned their backs to the Romans.
Marcellus · 📍 [[Syracuse]] · before the break of day
Marcellus laid hold of, and, before the citizens perceived it, not only possessed himself of the tower, but, before the break of day, filled the wall around with soldiers, and made his way into the Hexapylum.
Marcellus · 📍 [[Rome]]
Marcellus was not only absolved, but the fifth time created consul.
Marcellus
so soon as he was told of Marcellus's death, immediately hasted to the hilt.
Comparision of Pelopidas with Marcellus
Marcellus's exploits against the Gauls are admirable and ample; when, accompanied by a few horse, he defeated and put to fight a vast number of horse and foot together, (an action you cannot easily in historians find to have been done by any other captain,) and took their king prisoner.
Comparision of Pelopidas with Marcellus
To which honor Pelopidas aspired, but did not attain; he was killed by the tyrant in the attempt.
Comparision of Pelopidas with Marcellus · 📍 [[Thebes]]
such as were those of Pelopidas, when he returned from exile, and killed the tyrants at Thebes
Comparision of Pelopidas with Marcellus · 📍 [[Leuctra]]
And that these were, in the fights of Leuctra and Tegyrae, beaten and put to fight by Pelopidas, is confessed
Comparision of Pelopidas with Marcellus
But Marcellus, when it made little to his advantage, and when no such violent ardor as present danger naturally calls out transported him to passion, throwing himself into danger, fell into an unexplored ambush;
Aristides · 📍 [[Marathon]]
Aristides [[Miltiades]]
Every leader by his day having the command in chief when it came to Aristides' turn, he delivered it into the hands of Miltiades, showing his fellow officers, that it is not dishonorable to obey and follow wise and able men, but, on the contrary, noble and prudent.
Aristides · 📍 [[Athens]]
Coming together, therefore, from all parts into the city, they banished Aristides by the ostracism, giving their jealousy of his reputation the name of fear of tyranny.
Aristides · three years after
Nevertheless, three years after, when Xerxes marched through Thessaly and Boeotia into the country of Attica, repealing the law, they decreed the return of the banished:
Aristides · 📍 [[Psyttalea]]
Aristides perceiving Psyttalea, a small island that lies within the straits over against Salamis, to be filled by a body of the enemy, put aboard his small boats the most forward and courageous of his countrymen, and went ashore upon it; and, joining battle with the barbarians, slew them all, except such more remarkable persons as were taken alive.
Aristides · 📍 [[Plataea]]
Aristides Aeschines of Lampra Agesias of Acharnae
Therefore, of many that were concerned, he apprehended eight only, two of whom, who were first proceeded against and most guilty, Aeschines of Lampra, and Agesias of Acharnae, made their escape out of the camp.
Aristides · 📍 [[Plataea]]
The battle being thus divided, the Lacedaemonians first beat off the Persians; and a Spartan, named Arimnestus, slew Mardonius by a blow on the head with a stone, as the oracle in the temple of Amphiaraus had foretold to him.
Aristides · 📍 [[Athens]] · after their return into the city
Aristides perceived that the Athenians, after their return into the city, were eager for a democracy; and deeming the people to deserve consideration on account of their valiant behavior, as also that it was a matter of difficulty, they being well armed, powerful, and full of spirit with their victories, to oppose them by force, he brought forward a decree, that every one might share in the government, and the archons be chosen out of the whole body of the Athenians.
Aristides · 📍 [[Athens]]
Aristides [[Themistocles]]
The Athenians, hearing this, gave Themistocles order to desist; such was the love of justice felt by the people, and such the credit and confidence they reposed in Aristides.
Marcus Cato · 📍 [[Hither Spain]] · Being chosen consul
Marcus Cato [[Valerius Flaccus]]
Being chosen consul, with his friend and familiar Valerius Flaccus, the government of that part of Spain which the Romans call the Hither Spain, fell to his lot.
Marcus Cato · 📍 [[Hither Spain]]
However, he won that battle completely, and after that, all his other affairs succeeded splendidly.
Marcus Cato · 📍 [[Thermopylae]] · In the meantime
Marcus Cato Manius Acilius Antiochus the Great
In the meantime, whilst Manius was forcing the works below, and pouring the thickest of his forces into the narrow passages, Antiochus was hit in the mouth with a stone, so that his teeth being beaten out by it, he felt such excessive pain, that he was fain to turn away with his horse; nor did any part of his army stand the shock of the Romans.
Marcus Cato · Ten years after his consulship
Marcus Cato [[Valerius Flaccus]]
And so truly great and so worthy of great men to be its leaders was, it would seem, the Roman people, that they did not fear the severity end grim countenance of Cato, but rejecting those smooth promisers who were ready to do all things to ingratiate themselves, they took him, together with Flaccus; obeying his recommendations not as though he were a candidate, but as if he had had the actual power of commanding and governing already.
Marcus Cato
Cato named as chief of the senate, his friend and colleague Lucius Valerius Flaccus, and expelled, among many others, Lucius Quintius, who had been consul seven years before, and (which was greater honor to him than the consulship) brother to that Titus Flamininus, who overthrew king Philip.
Marcus Cato
Cato had a son by this second wife, to whom from his mother, he gave the surname of Salonius.
Marcus Cato
Thus Cato, they say, stirred up the third and last war against the Carthaginians:
Marcus Cato · no sooner was the said war begun
but no sooner was the said war begun, than he died, prophesying of the person that should put an end to it, who was then only a young man;
Comparison of Aristides with Marcus Cato.
Cato was chosen consul with a single colleague, having many competitors, and with a single colleague, also, was preferred before seven most noble and eminent pretenders to be censor.
Comparison of Aristides with Marcus Cato. · 📍 [[Thermopylae]] · whilst he was only serving as tribune
But Cato not only in his consulship was esteemed the chief in courage and conduct in the Spanish war, but even whilst he was only serving as tribune at Thermopylae, under another's command, he gained the glory of the victory, for having, as it were, opened a wide gate for the Romans to rush in upon Antiochus, and for having brought the war on his back, whilst he only minded what was before his face.
Comparison of Aristides with Marcus Cato.
Aristides [[Themistocles]]
But at home Aristides stumbled, being banished and oppressed by the faction of Themistocles;
Comparison of Aristides with Marcus Cato. · 📍 [[Marathon and Plataea]]
Besides, Aristides at Marathon, and again at Plataea, was but one commander out of ten;
Comparison of Aristides with Marcus Cato.
And in this management of domestic concerns, Cato was as great as in the government of public affairs; for he increased his estate, and became a master to others in economy and husbandry;
Comparison of Aristides with Marcus Cato. · at last
Marcus Cato [[Scipio Africanus]]
Cato, by opposing Scipio, almost broke and defeated his expedition against the Carthaginians, in which he overthrew Hannibal, who till then was even invincible; and, at last, by continually raising suspicions and calumnies against him, he chased him from the city, and inflicted a disgraceful sentence on his brother for robbing the state.
Comparison of Aristides with Marcus Cato. · at that age
But Cato's marriage, unbecoming his dignity and age, is a considerable disparagement, in this respect, to his character. For it was not decent for him at that age to bring home to his son and his wife a young woman, the daughter of a common paid clerk in the public service:
Flamininus
[[Titus Quintius Flamininus]] [[Sextus Aelius]] [[Philip]]
who elected him (though not then arrived at his thirtieth year) consul with Sextus Aelius. The war against Philip and the Macedonians fell to Titus by lot,
Flamininus · 📍 [[Cynos Cephalae]] · on the morrow
[[Titus Quintius Flamininus]] [[Philip]]
There were then slain no less than eight thousand, and about five thousand were taken prisoners;
Flamininus · 📍 [[Macedon]]
[[Titus Quintius Flamininus]] [[Philip]] Demetrius Poliorcetes
Philip, making overtures of submission of himself and his kingdom to the discretion of Titus and the Romans, puts an end to those jealousies, as Titus by accepting them, did to the war. For he reinstated Philip in his kingdom of Macedon, but made it a condition that he should quit Greece, and that he should pay one thousand talents; he took from him also, all his shipping, save ten vessels; and sent away Demetrius, one of his sons, hostage to Rome;
Flamininus · 📍 [[Corinth]] · the time of the celebration of the Isthmian games
[[Titus Quintius Flamininus]]
the crier, stepping forth amidst the spectators, made proclamation, that the Roman senate, and Titus Quintius, the proconsular general, having vanquished king Philip and the Macedonians, restored the Corinthians, Locrians, Phocians, Euboeans, Achaeans of Phthiotis, Magnetians, Thessalians, and Perrhaebians to their own lands, laws, and liberties;
Flamininus · 📍 [[Sparta]]
[[Titus Quintius Flamininus]] [[Nabis]]
For when he had an opportunity of taking him, he purposely let it slip, and struck up a peace with him, leaving Sparta to bewail an unworthy slavery;
Flamininus · during his censorship
Cato during his censorship, made a severe scrutiny into the senators' lives in order to the purging and reforming the house, and expelled Lucius, though he had been once consul before,
Flamininus · 📍 [[Libyssa]] · As soon, therefore, as he heard what Titus had ordered
[[Titus Quintius Flamininus]] Hannibal Prusias
As soon, therefore, as he heard what Titus had ordered, he attempted to make his escape through these mines; but finding them beset with the king's guards, he resolved upon making away with himself.
Comparison of Philopoemen with Flamininus · 📍 [[Greece]] · at the very time
[[Titus]] [[Philip]]
Titus, by a defeat given to Philip in the heart of Greece, set them and their cities free.
Comparison of Philopoemen with Flamininus
[[Titus]] [[Philip]]
Titus reserved to Philip the royal dignity;
Comparison of Philopoemen with Flamininus
[[Philopoemen]]
Philopoemen, exasperated against his country, deprived it of its supremacy over the adjacent villages.
Comparison of Philopoemen with Flamininus · afterwards
[[Philopoemen]]
afterwards laid their walls level with the ground, wasted their country, and in the end changed and destroyed the whole frame of their government.
Comparison of Philopoemen with Flamininus · when he was a private citizen
[[Philopoemen]] [[Nabis]]
He was a private citizen when he restored the Messenians to their liberty, and delivered their city from Nabis;
Comparison of Philopoemen with Flamininus · 📍 [[Sparta]] · when he was a private citizen
[[Philopoemen]] Diophanes [[Titus]]
he was also a private citizen when he rescued the Lacedaemonians, and shut the gates of Sparta against the General Diophanes, and Titus.
Pyrrhus · late in the evening
[[Pyrrhus]] Androcleon Hippias [[Neander]] Achilles
And it so fell out, that he who first got ashore, and took Pyrrhus in his arms, was named Achilles, the rest being helped over by others as they came to hand.
Pyrrhus · 📍 [[Epirus]] · when he was twelve years old
Glaucias [[Pyrrhus]] Cassander
At present, therefore, he gave Pyrrhus into the charge of his wife, commanding he should be brought up with his own children; and a little after, the enemies sending to demand him, and Cassander himself offering two hundred talents, he would not deliver him up; but when he was twelve years old, bringing him with an army into Epirus, made him king.
Pyrrhus · 📍 [[Epirus]] · Being now about seventeen years old
[[Pyrrhus]] [[Neoptolemus]]
Being now about seventeen years old, and the government in appearance well settled, he took a journey out of the kingdom to attend the marriage of one of Glaucias's sons, with whom he was brought up; upon which opportunity the Molossians again rebelling, turned out all of his party, plundered his property, and gave themselves up to Neoptolemus.
Pyrrhus · 📍 [[Epirus]] · After this match
[[Pyrrhus]] Antigone
After this match, advancing in honor, and Antigone being a very good wife to him, having procured a sum of money, and raised an army, he so ordered matters as to be sent into his kingdom of Epirus, and arrived there to the great satisfaction of many, from their hate to Neoptolemus, who was governing in a violent and arbitrary way.
Pyrrhus · on a sacrifice day
[[Pyrrhus]] [[Neoptolemus]] Antigone [[Phaenarete]]
On understanding which Pyrrhus for the present said little, but on a sacrifice day, making an invitation for Neoptolemus, killed him;
Pyrrhus · 📍 [[Macedon]]
[[Pyrrhus]] Demetrius Poliorcetes
And he, indeed, seeing the mutinous movements of the army to be only too consistent with what they said, privately got away, disguised in a broad hat, and a common soldier's coat. So Pyrrhus became master of the army without fighting, and was declared king of the Macedonians.
Pyrrhus · 📍 [[Macedon]]
[[Pyrrhus]] Lysimachus
The Macedonian soldiers being much prevailed upon, Pyrrhus withdrew himself with his Epirots and auxiliary forces, relinquishing Macedon just after the same manner he took it.
Pyrrhus · 📍 [[Argos]] · In the dead of the night
[[Pyrrhus]] [[Zopyrus]] Antigonus Alcyoneus
But when Zopyrus drew out an Illyrian sword, ready to cut off his head, Pyrrhus gave him so fierce a look, that confounded with terror, and sometimes his hands trembling, and then again endeavoring to do it, full of fear and confusion, he could not strike him right, but cutting over his mouth and chin, it was a long time before he got off the head. By this time what had happened was known to a great many, and Alcyoneus hastening to the place, desired to look upon the head, and see whether he knew it, and taking it in his hand rode away to his father, and threw it at his feet, while he was sitting with some of his particular favorites. Antigonus, looking upon it, and knowing it, thrust his son from him, and struck him with his staff, calling him wicked and barbarous, and covering his eyes with his robe, shed tears, thinking of his own father and grandfather, instances in his own family of the changefulness of fortune, and caused the head and body of Pyrrhus to be burned with all due solemnity.
Caius Marius
Caius Marius [[Julia]]
so that he made an honorable match with Julia, of the distinguished family of the Caesars
Caius Marius
The Romans, being from all parts alarmed with this news, sent for Marius to undertake the war, and nominated him the second time consul, though the law did not permit any one that was absent, or that had not waited a certain time after his first consulship, to be again created.
Caius Marius · 📍 [[Sextilius's Waters]]
Caius Marius Claudius Marcellus
Of this occasion Marius made good use; for there were beyond the enemies some wooded ascents and deep valleys thickly set with trees, whither he sent Claudius Marcellus, secretly, with three thousand regular soldiers, giving him orders to post them in ambush there, and show themselves at the rear of the enemies, when the fight was begun.
Caius Marius · 📍 [[the plain near Vercellae]] · the third day after
The ordinary plunder was taken by Marius's soldiers, but the other spoils, as ensigns, trumpets, and the like, they say, were brought to Catulus's camp; which he used for the best argument that the victory was obtained by himself and his army.
Caius Marius · 📍 [[Rome]]
Caius Marius Caecilius Metellus
The people unanimously voted for it; and he, not able to endure the sight of Metellus's return, made a voyage to Cappadocia and Galatia
Caius Marius · 📍 [[Rome]]
Caius Marius [[Octavius]] Ancharius
he came into the city with a select guard of the slaves who had joined him, whom he called Bardyaei. These proceeded to murder a number of citizens, as he gave command, partly by word of mouth, partly by the signal of his nod.
Caius Marius · 📍 [[Rome]] · on the seventeenth day of his seventh consulship
Thus died Marius on the seventeenth day of his seventh consulship, to the great joy and content of Rome
Lysander · 📍 [[Ephesus]]
Lysander won the victory, and taking fifteen of their ships, erected a trophy. For this, the people in the city being angry, put Alcibiades out of command
Lysander · 📍 [[Aegos Potami]] · on the fifth day
Lysander took three thousand prisoners, with the generals, and the whole fleet, excepting the sacred ship Paralus, and those which fled with Conon.
Lysander · 📍 [[Piraeus]] · when he now understood they were in a bad case in the city because of the famine
he sailed to Piraeus, and reduced the city, which was compelled to surrender on what conditions he demanded.
Lysander · 📍 [[Athens]] · on the sixteenth day of the month Munychion
pulled down the walls, and burnt the ships to the sound of the flute, the allies being crowned with garlands, and making merry together
Lysander · 📍 [[Sparta]]
Lysander Agesilaus Leotychides Agis
By this argument, and by his great influence among them, he prevailed, and Agesilaus was made king.
Lysander · 📍 [[Haliartus]] · before Agesilaus came back from Asia
on a sudden opening the gates and falling on, they killed him with the soothsayer at his side, and a few others
Sylla · at her death
[[Nicopolis]] [[Sylla]]
at her death she bequeathed him her whole property.
Sylla · 📍 [[Rome]] · At his return to Rome
[[Sylla]] [[Quintus Pompeius]]
At his return to Rome, he was chosen Consul with Quintus Pompeius, in the fiftieth year of his age
Sylla · 📍 [[Rome]]
[[Sylla]] Caius Marius
In this conflict, Marius being driven into the temple of Mother-Earth, thence invited the slaves by proclamation of freedom, but the enemy coming on he was overpowered and fled the city.
Sylla · 📍 [[Athens]]
[[Sylla]]
He took Athens, according to his own Memoirs, on the calends of March, coinciding pretty nearly with the new moon of Anthesterion
Sylla · 📍 Dardanus
[[Sylla]] [[Mithridates]] [[Nicomedes]] Ariobarzanes
Sylla consenting to this request, articles of agreement were concluded on. That Mithridates should quit Asia and Paphlagonia, restore Bithynia to Nicomedes, Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes, and pay the Romans two thousand talents, and give him seventy ships of war with all their furniture.
Sylla
[[Sylla]]
For Sylla had declared himself dictator, an office which had then been laid aside for the space of one hundred and twenty years. There was, likewise, an act of grace passed on his behalf, granting indemnity for what was passed, and for the future entrusting him with the power of life and death, confiscation, division of lands, erecting and demolishing of cities, taking away of kingdoms, and bestowing them at pleasure.
Sylla · after spending a troublesome night
[[Sylla]]
Upon this, his strength failing him, after spending a troublesome night, he died, leaving behind him two young children by Metella.
Comparison of Lysander with Sylla · for ten years together
[[Sylla]]
Sylla, on the other hand, when he had once made himself general of an army, kept his command for ten years together, creating himself sometimes consul, sometimes proconsul, and sometimes dictator, but always remaining a tyrant.
Comparison of Lysander with Sylla
[[Sylla]] Lucretius Ofella
and ordered Lucretius Ofella, who sued for the consulship as the reward of many great services, to be slain before his eyes
Comparison of Lysander with Sylla · 📍 [[Haliartus]]
He received his death-wound, not as Cleombrotus at Leuctra, resisting manfully the assault of an enemy in the field; not as Cyrus or Epaminondas, sustaining the declining battle, or making sure the victory; all these died the death of kings and generals; but he, as it had been some common skirmisher or scout, cast away his life ingloriously
Comparison of Lysander with Sylla
[[Sylla]]
he took Rome itself twice, as also the Athenian Piraeus, not by famine, as Lysander did, but by a series of great battles, driving Archelaus into the sea.
Comparison of Lysander with Sylla
[[Sylla]] Caius Marius [[Mithridates]] Lamponius [[Telesinus]]
yet of these, one he drove into banishment, one he quelled, and the others he slew.
Comparison of Lysander with Sylla · 📍 Asia · until he had it from the king's own mouth
[[Sylla]] [[Mithridates]]
he was willing to quit Asia, surrender the navy, and restore Bithynia and Cappadocia to the two kings.
Comparison of Lysander with Sylla · 📍 [[Athens]] · when he had made himself master of the city
[[Sylla]]
Sylla, when he had made himself master of the city, which then upheld the dominion and power of Mithridates in opposition to him, restored her to liberty and the free exercise of her own laws
Comparison of Lysander with Sylla · 📍 [[Athens]] · when she had fallen from a vast height of dignity and rule
Lysander, on the contrary, when she had fallen from a vast height of dignity and rule, showed her no compassion, but abolishing her democratic government, imposed on her the most cruel and lawless tyrants.
Cimon · After the Medes had been driven out of Greece
The greatest part of the allies, no longer able to endure the harshness and pride of Pausanias, revolted from him to Cimon and Aristides, who accepted the duty, and wrote to the Ephors of Sparta, desiring them to recall a man who was causing dishonor to Sparta, and trouble to Greece.
Cimon
This success of Cimon so daunted the king of Persia, that he presently made that celebrated peace, by which he engaged that his armies should come no nearer the Grecian sea than the length of a horse's course; and that none of his galleys or vessels of war should appear between the Cyanean and Chelidonian isles.
Cimon · 📍 [[Athens]] · Some time after this
Cimon [[Pericles]]
The Athenians returned home, enraged at this usage, and vented their anger upon all those who were favorers of the Lacedaemonians; and seizing some slight occasion, they banished Cimon for ten years, which is the time prescribed to those that are banished by the ostracism.
Cimon · 📍 [[Citium]]
He died, some say, of sickness, while besieging Citium, in Cyprus; according to others, of a wound he received in a skirmish with the barbarians.
Comparison of Lucullus with Cimon
Lucullus very much outwent him in war being the first Roman who carried an army over Taurus, passed the Tigris, took and burnt the royal palaces of Asia in the sight of the kings, Tigranocerta, Cabira, Sinope, and Nisibis
Comparison of Lucullus with Cimon
Cimon by a simple piece of ill-fortune, for he died when general, in the height of success
Comparison of Lucullus with Cimon
Cimon, sent out at first to serve as one confederate among others, returned home with authority even over these also, having successfully effected for his city three most difficult services, establishing peace with the enemy, dominion over confederates, and concord with Lacedaemon.
Comparison of Lucullus with Cimon
For the citizens arraigned him, and did not leave off till they had banished him, that, as Plato says, they might not hear him for the space of ten years.
Comparison of Lucullus with Cimon · 📍 [[Bosporus]] · soon after
[[Mithridates]]
the latter, being disabled and broken in the former wars, never dared to show his army to Pompey outside the camp, but fled away to Bosporus, and there died.
Comparison of Lucullus with Cimon
[[Tigranes]] Pompey
Tigranes threw himself, naked and unarmed, down before Pompey, and taking his crown from his head, laid it at his feet
Comparison of Lucullus with Cimon
[[Tigranes]]
And when he received the ensigns of majesty again, he was well pleased, evidently because he had forfeited them before.
Comparison of Lucullus with Cimon
One might bless the end of Lucullus, which was so timed as to let him die before the great revolution
Nicias · on the death of Pericles
Nicias [[Pericles]]
But on the death of Pericles, he presently rose to the highest place, chiefly by the favor of the rich and eminent citizens
Nicias
the whole question having been debated, they made a peace. And most people thought, now, indeed, they had got an end of all their evils. And Nicias was in every man's mouth
Nicias · 📍 [[Athens]] · at this time
Nicias and Alcibiades, perceiving his malice, secretly combined together, and setting both their interests jointly at work, succeeded in fixing the ostracism not on either of them, but even on Hyperbolus.
Nicias · 📍 [[Sicily]]
even after the Athenians decreed a war and chose him in the first place general, together with Alcibiades and Lamachus
Nicias · 📍 [[Sicily]] · shortly after
But when Alcibiades shortly after sailed away from Sicily, the command fell wholly to Nicias.
Nicias · 📍 [[Syracuse]] · the next day
whilst they fought and made a resistance, and so got behind and were surrounded near the country house of Polyzelus. Demosthenes thereupon drew his sword, and wounded but did not kill himself
Nicias · 📍 [[Syracuse]] · a general assembly of the people of Syracuse and their confederates sitting
And that the servants of the Athenians with the other confederates be sold for slaves, and they themselves and the Sicilian auxiliaries be kept and employed in the quarries, except the generals, who should be put to death.
Crassus · One of his brothers dying
One of his brothers dying, he married his widow, by whom he had his children;
Crassus · 📍 [[Spain]] · When Cinna and Marius got the power in their hands
Marcus Crassus Cinna Caius Marius
And as many as they could lay their hands on they slew, amongst whom were Crassus's father and brother; he himself, being very young, for the moment escaped the danger; but understanding that he was every way beset and hunted after by the tyrants, taking with him three friends and ten servants, with all possible speed he fled into Spain
Crassus · 📍 [[Capua]]
[[Spartacus]] Lentulus Batiates
One Lentulus Batiates trained up a great many gladiators in Capua, most of them Gauls and Thracians, who, not for any fault by them committed, but simply through the cruelty of their master, were kept in confinement for this object of fighting one with another. Two hundred of these formed a plan to escape, but their plot being discovered, those of them who became aware of it in time to anticipate their master, being seventy-eight, got out of a cook's shop chopping-knives and spits, and made their way through the city, and lighting by the way on several wagons that were carrying gladiator's arms to another city, they seized upon them and armed themselves. And seizing upon a defensible place, they chose three captains, of whom Spartacus was chief
Crassus · When the senate understood this
When the senate understood this, they were displeased at the consuls, and ordering them to meddle no further, they appointed Crassus general of the war
Crassus
[[Publius Crassus]]
because he could not use his arm, for he was run through with a dart, he opened his side to his armor-bearer, and commanded him to run him through.
Crassus · At last
[[Spartacus]]
At last being deserted by those that were about him, he himself stood his ground, and, surrounded by the enemy, bravely defending himself, was cut in pieces.
Crassus · 📍 [[Rome]] · Not long after
And these being beaten back and driven into a house, Pompey and Crassus were proclaimed consuls. Not long after, they surrounded the house with armed men, thrust Cato out of the forum, killed some that made resistance, and decreed Caesar his command for five years longer, and provinces for themselves, Syria, and both the Spains, which being divided by lots, Syria fell to Crassus, and the Spains to Pompey.
Crassus
Marcus Crassus [[Pomaxathres]]
Crassus was killed by a Parthian, called Pomaxathres; others say, by a different man, and that Pomaxathres only cut off his head and right hand after he had fallen.
Comparison of Crassus with Nicias
Marcus Crassus Domitius Cato the Younger
he himself could not deny that to compass the consulship, he hired men to lay violent hands upon Domitius and Cato.
Comparison of Crassus with Nicias
Then at the assembly held for assigning the provinces, many were wounded and four actually killed,
Comparison of Crassus with Nicias
he himself, which I had omitted in the narrative of his life, struck with his fist one Lucius Analius, a senator, for contradicting him, so that he left the place bleeding.
Comparison of Crassus with Nicias
Nicias, reserving himself for trifling expeditions against Minoa and Cythera, and the miserable Melians, if there be occasion to come to blows with the Lacedaemonians, slips off his general's cloak and hands over to the unskillfulness and rashness of Cleon, fleet, men, and arms, and the whole command, where the utmost possible skill was called for.
Comparison of Crassus with Nicias · 📍 [[Sicily]]
By this means it came to pass he was compelled to the Sicilian war, men generally believing that he was not so much honestly convinced of the difficulty of the enterprise, as ready out of mere love of ease and cowardice to lose the city the conquest of Sicily.
Comparison of Crassus with Nicias · 📍 [[Parthia]]
Crassus, on the other hand, mistook, in entering on a Parthian war as an easy matter.
Comparison of Crassus with Nicias
In his death, however, Crassus has the advantage, as he did not surrender himself, nor submit to bondage, or let himself be taken in by trickery, but was the victim only of the entreaties of his friends and the perfidy of his enemies;
Comparison of Crassus with Nicias
whereas Nicias enhanced the shame of his death by yielding himself up in the hope of a disgraceful and inglorious escape.
Sertorius · 📍 [[Rome]]
[[Sertorius]]
and as soon as he returned to Rome he was appointed quaestor of Cisalpine Gaul, at a very seasonable moment for his country, the Marsian war being on the point of breaking out.
Sertorius
[[Sertorius]] [[Sylla]]
Yet, notwithstanding this popularity, when he stood to be tribune of the people, he was disappointed, and lost the place, being opposed by the party of Sylla
Sertorius · 📍 [[Spain]] · at last
[[Sertorius]]
at last he utterly despaired of Rome, and hasted into Spain, that by taking possession there beforehand, he might secure refuge to his friends, from their misfortunes at home.
Sertorius · 📍 [[Tingis]]
[[Sertorius]] Ascalis [[Paccianus]] [[Sylla]]
His arrival in Mauritania being very acceptable to the Moors, he lost no time, but immediately giving battle to Ascalis, beat him out of the field and besieged him; and Paccianus being sent by Sylla, with a powerful supply, to raise the siege, Sertorius slew him in the field, gained over all his forces, and took the city of Tingis
Sertorius · 📍 [[Lusitania]]
[[Sertorius]]
The Lusitanians having sent for Sertorius, he left Africa, and being made general with absolute authority, he put all in order amongst them, and brought the neighboring parts of Spain under subjection.
Sertorius · 📍 [[Spain]]
[[Sertorius]] [[Mithridates]]
However, they solemnly, upon oath, concluded a league between them, upon these terms: that Mithridates should enjoy the free possession of Cappadocia and Bithynia, and that Sertorius should send him soldiers, and a general for his army, in recompense of which the king was to supply him with three thousand talents and forty ships.
Sertorius
[[Sertorius]] [[Perpenna]] Antonius
and Antonius, who was next to Sertorius, immediately wounded him with his sword. And whilst Sertorius, upon receiving the wound, turned himself, and strove to get up, Antonius threw himself upon his breast, and held both his hands, so that he died by a number of blows, without being able even to defend himself.
Sertorius · Upon this occasion
Pompey [[Perpenna]]
For he put all Sertorius's writings and letters together and read not one of them, nor suffered anyone else to read them, but burnt them all, and caused Perpenna immediately to be put to death, lest by discovering their names, further troubles and revolutions might ensue.
Eumenes · 📍 [[Cappadocia and Paphlagonia]] · After Alexander's death
they made Eumenes governor of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, and all the coast upon the Pontic Sea as far as Trebizond
Eumenes
Eumenes [[Neoptolemus]]
his foot being beaten, he routed Neoptolemus with his horse, and took all his baggage; and coming up with his whole force upon the phalanx while broken and disordered in its flight, obliged the men to lay down their arms, and take an oath to serve under him.
Eumenes
Hearing of the death of Craterus, he rode up to him, and finding there was yet some life in him, alighted from his horse and wept
Eumenes · 📍 [[Egypt]] · two days before the news arrived
[[Perdiccas]] Eumenes
Had the news of this defeat come timely enough to Perdiccas, he had doubtless been the greatest of all the Macedonians; but now, he being slain in a mutiny in Egypt, two days before the news arrived, the Macedonians in a rage decreed Eumenes's death
Eumenes
Upon which the Argyraspids took a villainous resolution to deliver him up alive into the hands of his enemies. So they came to wait upon him, being unsuspected by him, but watching their opportunity, some lamenting the loss of the baggage, some encouraging him as if he had been victor, some accusing the other commanders, till at last they all fell upon him, and seizing his sword, bound his hands behind him with his own girdle.
Eumenes · 📍 [[Arachosia]]
Antigonus himself, abominating the Argyraspids as wicked and inhuman villains, delivered them up to Sibyrtius, the governor of Arachosia, commanding him by all ways and means to destroy and exterminate them
Comparison of Sertorius with Eumenes
[[Sertorius]]
Sertorius, being already in high esteem for his former services in the wars, and his abilities in the senate, was advanced to the dignity of a general
Comparison of Sertorius with Eumenes
whereas Eumenes obtained this honor from the office of a writer, or secretary, in which he had been despised.
Comparison of Sertorius with Eumenes
[[Sertorius]]
late in life and secretly a few of his acquaintance entered into a conspiracy against him.
Comparison of Sertorius with Eumenes
[[Sertorius]]
The death of Sertorius dishonored not his life; he suffered that from his companions which none of his enemies were ever able to perform.
Comparison of Sertorius with Eumenes
by meanly supplicating and petitioning, he made his enemy, that pretended only to have power over his body, to be lord and master of his body and mind.
Pompey · 📍 [[Rome]]
This piratic power having got the dominion and control of all the Mediterranean, there was left no place for navigation or commerce. And this it was which most of all made the Romans, finding themselves to be extremely straitened in their markets, and considering that if it should continue, there would be a dearth and famine in the land, determine at last to send out Pompey to recover the seas from the pirates.
Pompey · 📍 [[Rome]] · shortly afterwards
Pompey Cato the Younger Bibulus
This counsel was unanimously approved of, and a decree passed that Pompey should be made sole consul
Pompey · 📍 [[Pharsalia]]
Thus these being likewise routed and put to flight, when Pompey, by the dust flying in the air, conjectured the fate of his horse, it were very hard to say what his thoughts or intentions were, but looking like one distracted and beside himself, and without any recollection or reflection that he was Pompey the Great, he retired slowly towards his camp, without speaking a word to any man
Pompey · the very next day after the day of his birth
Pompey Cornelia [[Septimius]] [[Salvius]] Achillas
Septimius first stabbed him from behind with his sword; and after him likewise Salvius and Achillas drew out their swords. He, therefore, taking up his gown with both hands, drew it over his face, and neither saying nor doing anything unworthy of himself, only groaning a little, endured the wounds they gave him, and so ended his life, in the fifty-ninth year of his age, the very next day after the day of his birth.
Comparison of Pompey and Agesilaus · 📍 [[Sparta]]
Agesilaus appears to have obtained his kingdom, not without offense both towards gods and towards men, towards these, by procuring judgment of bastardy against Leotychides
Comparison of Pompey and Agesilaus
Agesilaus [[Sphodrias]]
Agesilaus, to gratify the fondness of his son, saved the life of Sphodrias by a sort of violence, when he deserved death for the wrong he had done to the Athenians
Comparison of Pompey and Agesilaus · 📍 [[Thebes]]
Agesilaus [[Phoebidas]]
when Phoebidas treacherously broke the peace with Thebes, zealously abetted him for the sake, it was clear, of the unjust act itself.
Comparison of Pompey and Agesilaus · 📍 [[Egypt]]
Pompey trusted them and was betrayed and murdered by them
Phocion · 📍 [[Naxos]] · at the time of the Great Mysteries
Chabrias [[Phocion]]
Particularly the sea-fight at Naxos added not a little to Phocion's reputation, when he had the left squadron committed to him by Chabrias, as in this quarter the battle was sharply contested, and was decided by a speedy victory.
Phocion · 📍 [[Eretria]] · When the enemy drew nigh
[[Phocion]] [[Plutarch of Eretria]] [[Thallus]] Cineas Glaucus [[Polymedes]]
Phocion now expelled Plutarch from Eretria, and possessed himself of the very important fort of Zaretra, situated where the island is pinched in, as it were, by the seas on each side, and its breadth most reduced to a narrow girth.
Phocion · 📍 [[Byzantium]] · immediately
[[Phocion]] Chares [[Philip]] Leon
The assembly being moved with this speech of his, changed their minds on the sudden, and commanded him immediately to raise another force, and go himself to assist their confederates in the Hellespont; an appointment which, in effect, contributed more than anything to the relief of Byzantium.
Phocion · 📍 [[Munychia]] · on the twentieth of the month of Boedromion
Antipater [[Phocion]] [[Menyllus]]
So the Athenians received the garrison, and Menyllus for the governor, a fair-dealing man, and one of Phocion's acquaintance.
Phocion · 📍 [[Macedonia]] · when Cassander saw him come
So when Cassander saw him come, he seized him; and first brought out the son and killed him so close before his face, that the blood ran all over his clothes and person, and then, after bitterly taunting and upbraiding him with his ingratitude and treachery, dispatched him himself.
Phocion · 📍 [[Athens]] · After the assembly was dismissed
[[Phocion]] [[Nicocles]] [[Thudippus]] Hegemon
So the form of the bill was approved of, and the show of hands called for; upon which, not one man retaining his seat, but all rising up, and some with garlands on their heads, they condemned them all to death.
Phocion · 📍 [[Athens]] · It was the nineteenth day of the month Munychion
[[Phocion]] [[Nicocles]] [[Thudippus]]
After they had all drunk of it, the poison ran short; and the executioner refused to prepare more, except they would pay him twelve drachmas, to defray the cost of the quantity required.
Phocion · 📍 [[Athens]] · a very little time
[[Phocion]] Agnonides Epicurus Demophilus
And now they decreed him a statue of brass, and his bones to be buried honorably at the public charge; and for his accusers, Agnonides they took themselves, and caused him to be put to death.
Agis · before the age of twenty
yet before the age of twenty, he renounced all indulgence in pleasures.
Agis
they pronounced a sentence of deposition against him, and made Cleombrotus king in his place.
Agis · 📍 [[market-place]]
Agis and Cleombrotus, thus persuaded, went together with their friends into the market-place, where, removing the ephors from their seats, they placed others in their room of whom Agesilaus was one; proceeding then to arm a company of young men, and releasing many out of prison;
Agis · 📍 [[Tegea]]
Leonidas Agesilaus [[Hippomedon]] Agis Cleombrotus
openly bringing hack Leonidas from Tegea, reestablished him in the kingdom
Agis · 📍 [[Dechas]]
Upon this they passed sentence of death on him, and bade the officers carry him to the Dechas, as it is called, a place in the prison where they strangle malefactors.
Agis · 📍 [[prison]] · Immediately after he was dead
Amphares Archidamia Agesistrata
As soon as Amphares thought she was dispatched, he told Agesistrata she might now go in if she pleased.
Cleomenes
received him on his coming privately into town, and joined in bringing him home, and presently after murdered him.
Cleomenes · 📍 [[Sparta]] · The next day
Then he himself first, with his step-father, Megistonus, and his friends, gave up all their wealth into one public stock, and all the other citizens followed the example. The land was divided, and everyone that he had banished, had a share assigned him
Cleomenes · 📍 [[Argos]] · by night
they agreed to accept a garrison, to give twenty citizens for hostages, and to assist the Lacedaemonians, and that he should have the chief command.
Cleomenes · 📍 [[Alexandria]]
Cleomenes [[Ptolemy]] Cratesiclea
Thus fell Cleomenes, after the life which we have narrated, having been king of Sparta sixteen years. The news of their fall being noised through the city, Cratesiclea, though a woman of a great spirit, could not bear up against the weight of this affliction; but embracing Cleomenes's children, broke out into lamentations. But the eldest boy, none suspecting such a spirit in a child, threw himself headlong from the top of the house. He was bruised very much, but not killed by the fall, and was taken up crying, and expressing his resentment for not being permitted to destroy himself. Ptolemy, as soon as an account of the action was brought him, gave order that Cleomenes's body should be flayed and hung up, and that his children, mother, and the women that were with her, should be killed.
Tiberius Gracchus
Tiberiusfather Cornelia [[Scipio Africanus]]
after the death of Scipio who overthrew Hannibal, he was thought worthy to match with his daughter Cornelia
Tiberius Gracchus
Cornelia [[Ptolemy]]
when king Ptolemy himself proffered her his crown, and would have married her, refused it, and chose rather to live a widow.
Tiberius Gracchus · immediately on his attaining manhood
[[Tiberius Gracchus]] Appius Claudius Claudia
addressed himself openly to Tiberius, and with great expressions of kindness, offered him his daughter in marriage. And when Tiberius gladly accepted
Tiberius Gracchus · 📍 [[Numantia]]
[[Tiberius Gracchus]] Caius Mancinus
Tiberius was accordingly dispatched to the enemy, whom he persuaded to accept of several conditions, and he himself complied with others; and by this means it is beyond a question, that he saved twenty thousand of the Roman citizens
Tiberius Gracchus
[[Tiberius Gracchus]] Appius Claudius Caius Gracchus
This being done, the law concerning the lands was ratified and confirmed, and three commissioners were appointed, to make a survey of the grounds and see the same equally divided. These were Tiberius himself, Claudius Appius, his father-in-law, and his brother, Caius Gracchus
Tiberius Gracchus
[[Tiberius Gracchus]] Marcus Octavius
The law for his deprivation being thus voted, Tiberius ordered one of his servants, whom he had made a freeman, to remove Octavius from the rostra
Tiberius Gracchus · 📍 [[the capitol]]
[[Tiberius Gracchus]] [[Publius Satureius]] Lucius Rufus
Publius Satureius, a tribune, one of his colleagues, was observed to give him the first fatal stroke, by hitting him upon the head with the foot of a stool. The second blow was claimed, as though it had been a deed to be proud of, by Lucius Rufus.
Caius Gracchus · 📍 [[Sardinia]] · soon after
Caius Gracchus [[Orestes]]
But soon after, it happened that he was elected quaestor, and obliged to attend Orestes, the consul, into Sardinia.
Caius Gracchus · at once
But having cleared himself of every suspicion, and proved his entire innocence, he now at once came forward to ask for the tribuneship;
Caius Gracchus · When the commonalty ratified this law
When the commonalty ratified this law, and gave him power to select those of the knights whom he approved of, to be judges, he was invested with a sort of kingly power
Caius Gracchus · 📍 [[the Field]] · When the day for election of consuls was at hand
He was chosen consul, and Caius elected tribune the second time, without his own seeking or petitioning for it, but at the voluntary motion of the people.
Caius Gracchus · This was thought to be the chief reason
This was thought to be the chief reason that he failed of being a third time elected tribune; not but that he had the most votes, but because his colleagues out of revenge caused false returns to be made.
Caius Gracchus · 📍 [[the Aventine Mount]] · As soon as daylight appeared
Lucius Opimius Fulvius Flaccus
Fulvius fled into an obscure bathing-house; but shortly after being discovered, he and his eldest son were slain together.
Caius Gracchus · in that place
Caius Gracchus [[Philocrates]]
In that place, his servant Philocrates having first slain him, presently afterwards killed himself also, and fell dead upon his master.
Caius Gracchus · before long
Caius Gracchus [[Tiberius Gracchus]]
They ordered their statues to be made and set up in public view; they consecrated the places where they were slain
Comparison of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus with Agis and Cleomenes
he distributed his own fortunes, which, in ready money only, amounted to the value of six hundred talents, amongst his fellow-citizens.
Comparison of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus with Agis and Cleomenes · 📍 [[Sparta]]
under the conduct of Cleomenes, Greece presently saw Sparta exert her sovereign power over all Peloponnesus
Comparison of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus with Agis and Cleomenes · 📍 [[Carthage]]
[[Tiberius]]
the first who attempted to scale the walls of Carthage
Comparison of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus with Agis and Cleomenes
[[Tiberius]]
the peace which he concluded with the Numantines, by which he saved the lives of twenty thousand Romans
Comparison of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus with Agis and Cleomenes
[[Tiberius]] Caius
The Gracchi, fighting with their fellow-citizens, were both slain, as they endeavored to make their escape
Comparison of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus with Agis and Cleomenes
Agis willingly submitted to his fate, rather than any citizen should be in danger of his life.
Comparison of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus with Agis and Cleomenes
Cleomenes (not to mention the murder of the Ephors) set all the slaves at liberty, and governed by himself alone in reality
Cicero · 📍 [[Rome]]
Cicero Caius Antonius Lucius Catiline
The people readily receiving, Catiline was put by, so that he and Caius Antonius were chosen
Cicero · 📍 [[Rome]]
Cicero Lucius Catiline Manilius
At length Cicero, standing up, commanded him to leave the city, for since one governed the commonwealth with words, the other with arms, it was necessary there should be a wall betwixt them. Catiline, therefore, immediately left the town, with three hundred armed men
Cicero · 📍 [[Rome]] · It was now evening
Cicero Cornelius Lentulus Cethegus
Thus passing from the market-place, and coming to the gaol, he delivered Lentulus to the officer, and commanded him to execute him; and after him Cethegus, and so all the rest in order, he brought and delivered up to execution.
Cicero · 📍 [[Astura]] · within a few days after
[[Quintus]] youngsonofQuintus
Quintus, within a few days after, betrayed by his servants to those who came to search for him, was slain, together with his young son.
Cicero · 📍 [[Capitae]] · now in his sixty-fourth year
Cicero Herennius [[Popillius]] [[Philologus]] Antony
So that the greatest part of those that stood by covered their faces whilst Herennius slew him. And thus was he murdered, stretching forth his neck out of the litter, being now in his sixty-fourth year. Herennius cut off his head, and, by Antony's command, his hands also
Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero · at a time when avarice was at the height
Cicero, on the other hand, was sent quaestor into Sicily, and proconsul into Cilicia and Cappadocia, at a time when avarice was at the height
Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero
Moreover, Demosthenes's banishment was infamous, upon conviction for bribery
Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero
for Cicero's sake the senate changed their habit, and put on mourning, and would not be persuaded to make any act before Cicero's return was decreed
Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero · 📍 [[Greece]] · after his return
And, after his return, he again devoted himself to the same public service, and continued firm to his opposition to Antipater and the Macedonians.
Comparison of Demosthenes and Cicero · When the temple of the god no longer afforded him a sanctuary
When the temple of the god no longer afforded him a sanctuary, he took refuge, as it were, at a mightier altar, freeing himself from arms and soldiers, and laughing to scorn the cruelty of Antipater.
Antony
Caesar Antony Marcus Brutus Cassius
So when all was proceeded with, according to their plan, and Caesar had fallen in the senate-house, Antony, at the first moment, took a servant's dress, and hid himself.
Antony
Antony Caesar Marcus Brutus Cassius
All which excited the people to such indignation, that they would not defer the funeral, but, making a pile of tables and forms in the very market-place, set fire to it; and everyone, taking a brand, ran to the conspirators' houses, to attack them.
Antony · 📍 [[Actium]] · on the fifth
Antony Cleopatra Caesar Agrippa
For, as if he had been born part of her, and must move with her wheresoever she went, as soon as he saw her ship sailing away, he abandoned all that were fighting and spending their lives for him, and put himself aboard a galley of five ranks of oars, taking with him only Alexander of Syria and Scellias, to follow her that had so well begun his ruin and would hereafter accomplish it.
Comparison of Demetrius and Antony
Demetrius Poliorcetes Antigonus
Demetrius heired a kingdom already won for him by Antigonus
Comparison of Demetrius and Antony
He let himself become a prisoner, and was thankful to gain a three years' accession of life in captivity.
Comparison of Demetrius and Antony
Antony took himself out of the world in a cowardly, pitiful, and ignoble manner
Dion · in one day
It is said he married them both in one day, and no one ever knew which of the two he first made his wife;
Dion · 📍 [[Syracuse]]
The besieged, seeing no hopes of succors and their provisions failing, began to mutiny; so that the son of Dionysius, in despair of holding out longer for his father, capitulated, and articled with Dion to deliver up the castle with all the garrison soldiers and ammunition;
Dion
he gave way to some whom formerly he hindered when they designed to kill him, who, breaking in, murdered Heraclides in his own house.
Dion
His sister, and wife big with child, they hurried to prison, who poor lady, in her unfortunate condition was there brought to bed of a son
Dion
There were a great many in the conspiracy; and as Dion was at home with several of his friends in a room with tables for entertainment in it, some of the conspirators beset the house around, others secured the doors and windows.
Marcus Brutus · 📍 [[Pompey's porch]] · When Caesar entered
and Casca, that stood behind him, drawing his dagger, gave him the first, but a slight wound, about the shoulder.
Marcus Brutus · 📍 [[Rome]] · hearing of his death
he immediately came to Rome, and, to ingratiate himself with the people, taking upon himself the name of Caesar, and punctually distributing among the citizens the money that was left them by the will, he soon got the better of Antony;
Marcus Brutus · 📍 [[Rome]] · At his first entry upon the consulship
young Caesar Marcus Brutus Cassius
At his first entry upon the consulship he immediately ordered a judicial process to be issued out against Brutus and his accomplices for having murdered a principal man of the city, holding the highest magistracies of Rome, without being heard or condemned; and appointed Lucius Cornificius to accuse Brutus, and Marcus Agrippa to accuse Cassius. None appearing to the accusation, the judges were forced to pass sentence and condemn them both.
Marcus Brutus · 📍 [[Rome]] · After this
young Caesar Antony Lepidus Cicero
After this, the three men, Caesar, Antony, and Lepidus, being perfectly reconciled, shared the provinces among themselves, and made up the catalogue of proscription, wherein were set those that were designed for slaughter, amounting to two hundred men, in which number Cicero was slain.
Marcus Brutus · After which words
Cassius [[Pindarus]]
After which words he retired into an empty tent, taking along with him only Pindarus, one of his freedmen, whom he had reserved for such an occasion ever since the disasters in the expedition against the Parthians, when Crassus was slain. From the Parthians he came away in safety; but now, pulling up his mantle over his head, he made his neck bare, and held it forth to Pindarus, commanding him to strike.
Marcus Brutus · The night now being far spent
Marcus Brutus [[Strato]]
Him he placed next to himself, and, taking hold of the hilt of his sword and directing it with both his hands, he fell upon it, and killed himself.
Marcus Brutus · Afterwards
[[Porcia]]
As for Porcia his wife, Nicolaus the philosopher and Valerius Maximus write, that, being desirous to die, but being hindered by her friends, who continually watched her, she snatched some burning charcoal out of the fire, and, shutting it close in her mouth, stifled herself, and died.
Comparison of Dion and Brutus · 📍 [[Rome]]
Besides this, Brutus and Cassius, when they fled from Rome, could not live safe or quiet, being condemned to death and pursued
Comparison of Dion and Brutus
The greatest thing charged on Brutus is, that he, being saved by Caesar's kindness, having saved all the friends whom he chose to ask for, he moreover accounted a friend, and preferred above many, did yet lay violent hands upon his preserver.
Comparison of Dion and Brutus
Besides, when Dion was killed, none appeared to revenge his death.
Comparison of Dion and Brutus
Whereas Brutus, even amongst his enemies, had Antony that buried him splendidly; and Caesar also took care his honors should be preserved.
Comparison of Dion and Brutus
Moreover, the public good made Brutus Pompey's friend (instead of his enemy as he had been) and Caesar's enemy
Comparison of Dion and Brutus
And thus the common people instantly regretted Caesar, and grew enraged and implacable against those that killed him.
Aratus · In the course of time
Dinias Aristoteles the logician Abantidas
In the course of time, Dinias and Aristoteles the logician killed Abantidas, who used to be present in the marketplace at their discussions, and to make one in them; till they, taking the occasion, insensibly accustomed him to the practice, and so had opportunity to contrive and execute a plot against him.
Aratus · 📍 [[Acro-Corinthus]] · Therefore
Antigonus Nicaea Demetrius Poliorcetes
Therefore Alexander, who held the place, being dead, poisoned by him, as is reported, and his wife Nicaea succeeding in the government and the possession of Acro-Corinthus, he immediately made use of his son, Demetrius, and, giving her pleasing hopes of a royal marriage and of a happy life with a youth, whom a woman now growing old might well find agreeable, with this lure of his son he succeeded in taking her; but the place itself she did not deliver up, but continued to hold it with a very strong garrison, of which he seeming to take no notice, celebrated the wedding in Corinth, entertaining them with shows and banquets everyday, as one that has nothing else in his mind but to give himself up for awhile to indulgence in pleasure and mirth. But when the moment came, and Amoebeus began to sing in the theater, he waited himself upon Nicaea to the play, she being carried in a royally-decorated chair, extremely pleased with her new honor, not dreaming of what was intended. As soon, therefore, as they were come to the turning which led up to the citadel, he desired her to go on before him to the theater, but for himself, bidding farewell to the music, farewell to the wedding, he went on faster than one would have thought his age would have admitted to the Acro-Corinthus, and, finding the gate shut, knocked with his staff, commanding them to open, which they within, being amazed, did. And having thus made himself master of the place, he could not contain himself for joy; but, though an old man, and one that had seen so many turns of fortune, he must needs revel it in the open streets and the midst of the market-place, crowned with garlands and attended with flute-women, inviting everybody he met to partake in his festivity. So much more does joy without discretion transport and agitate the mind than either fear or sorrow. Antigonus, therefore, having in this manner possessed himself of Acro-Corinthus, put a garrison into it of those he trusted most, making Persaeus the philosopher governor.
Aratus · 📍 [[Acro-Corinthus]] · In the meantime
In the meantime the Achaeans assembled at Aegium, and called for Aratus; but it was very hazardous for him to pass thither, while Cleomenes was encamped before Sicyon; besides, the citizens endeavored to stop him by their entreaties, protesting that they would not suffer him to expose himself to so evident danger, the enemy being so near; the women, also, and children hung about him, weeping and embracing him as their common father and defender. But he, having comforted and encouraged them as well as he could, got on horseback, and being accompanied with ten of his friends and his son, then a youth, got away to the sea-side, and finding vessels there waiting off the shore, went on board of them and sailed to Aegium to the assembly; in which it was decreed that Antigonus should be called in to their aid, and should have the Acro-Corinthus delivered to him.
Aratus · 📍 [[Aegium]] · in his seventeenth generalship
Thus died he in Aegium, in his seventeenth generalship.
Artaxerxes
Darius (father) Artaxerxes Cyrus
Notwithstanding, she prevailed not with Darius, but the eldest son Arsicas was proclaimed king, his name being changed into Artaxerxes; and Cyrus remained satrap of Lydia, and commander in the maritime provinces.
Artaxerxes
Cyrus, then; not only relying upon those of his own province near the sea, but upon many of those in the upper countries near the king, commenced the war against him.
Artaxerxes · 📍 [[Cunaxa]]
Cyrus [[Mithridates]]
The vein under the knee was cut open, and Cyrus fell, and at the same time struck his wounded temple against a stone, and so died.
Artaxerxes · after the battle
[[Tisaphernes]] Clearchus
Now after that Tisaphernes had circumvented and by a false oath had betrayed Clearchus and the other commanders, and, taking them, had sent them bound in chains to the king
Artaxerxes · 📍 [[Cnidos]]
Artaxerxes Pharnabazus Conon Antalcidas
Artaxerxes, however, defeating the Lacedaemonians in a sea-fight at Cnidos, under the conduct of Pharnabazus and Conon, after he had stripped them of their sovereignty by sea, at the same time, brought, so to say, the whole of Greece over to him, so that upon his own terms he dictated the celebrated peace among them, styled the peace of Antalcidas.
Artaxerxes
[[Parysatis]] Artaxerxes Atossa
In fine, she persuaded him to marry her and declare her to be his lawful wife, overriding all the principles and the laws by which the Greeks hold themselves bound, and regarding himself as divinely appointed for a law to the Persians, and the supreme arbitrator of good and evil.
Artaxerxes · Artaxerxes, now being an old man
proclaimed Darius, then twenty-five years old, his successor, and gave him leave to wear the upright hat, as they call it.
Artaxerxes
Ochus Arpates Arsames Artaxerxes
Whereupon Ochus had no longer patience to defer the execution of his purpose, but having procured Arpates, Teribazus's son, for the undertaking, he killed Arsames by his hand. Artaxerxes at that time had but a little hold on life, by reason of his extreme age, and so, when he heard of the fate of Arsames, he could not sustain it at all, but sinking at once under the weight of his grief and distress, expired, after a life of ninety-four years, and a reign of sixty-two.
Otho
[[Otho]] [[Virginius Rufus]]
He was to have been consul for part of that year himself, but he gave the office to Virginius Rufus
Otho · 📍 [[Sinuessa]]
[[Otho]] [[Tigellinus]]
and so took that opportunity, and with his razor dispatched himself.
Otho · 📍 [[Ostia]] · after it was dark
some seized the wagons, and others slew Crispinus and two centurions that opposed them
Otho · 📍 [[Placentia]]
[[Spurina]] Caecina
the besieged bravely repulsed them, and, repelling the enemy with great slaughter, secured the safety of a noble city
Otho · 📍 [[Bedriacum]]
[[Titianus]] Caecina [[Vitellius]]
others opened the gates and went out, and mingled freely with those they met; and instead of acts of hostility, there was nothing but mutual shaking of hands and congratulations, everyone taking the oaths and submitting to Vitellius.
Otho · 📍 [[Brixillum]] · In the morning
[[Otho]]
As soon as he was gone, he held his sword upright under him with both his hands, and falling upon it, expired
Otho · 📍 [[Brixillum]]
[[Otho]]
They placed the remains of Otho in the earth, and raised over them a monument
Otho · As soon as the soldiers perceived this
[[Vitellius]] Caecina [[Pollio]]
As soon as the soldiers perceived this, they owned Vitellius, and so got their pardon, and served under Caecina.