Tacitus — The Histories & The Annals (Books I-VI) & Agricola — Chronicle
Ordered by chapter. No event in this book could be dated from the text, so it is not dated — no anchor, no chronology; a date is never inferred. Time expressions are copied from the text as written. Every event links back to one sentence of the original.
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893 events · no event could be dated from the text
Undated
Annals I (1)
The Commonwealth, then long distressed and exhausted by the rage of her civil dissensions, fell easily into his hands, and over her he assumed a sovereign dominion
Annals I (1)
raised his sister's son Claudius Marcellus, a perfect youth, to the dignity of Pontiff and that of Aedile
Annals I (1) · 📍 [[Isle of Planasia]]
for her pleasure he banished into the Isle of Planasia his only surviving grandson, Agrippa Postumus
Annals I (1) · 📍 [[Rhine]]
The Emperor had withal set Germanicus, the son of Drusus, over eight legions quartered upon the Rhine, and obliged Tiberius to adopt him
Annals I (2) · soon after
that Maximus being soon after dead (dead, as it was doubted, through fear, by his own hands)
Annals I (3) · from the moment Augustus was dead
from the moment Augustus was dead, he usurped all the prerogatives of imperial state
Annals I (3) · 📍 [[Rome]] · from the moment Augustus was dead
gave the word to the Praetorian Cohorts; had soldiers about the palace, guards about his person
Annals I (3) · 📍 [[Rome]] · at that time
Sextus Pompeius Sextus Apuleius Tiberius
Sextus Pompeius and Sextus Apuleius, at that time Consuls, took first the oath of fidelity to Tiberius
Annals I (3) · 📍 [[Rome]] · then
Sextus Pompeius Sextus Apuleius Seius Strabo Caius Turranius Tiberius
then administered it to Seius Strabo and Caius Turranius
Annals I (4) · 📍 [[Nola]] · the last day of his life
that the last day of his life, and the first of his reign, was the same; that he died at Nola, in the same village, and in the same house, and in the same chamber, where his father Octavius died.
Annals I (4)
Augustus, however, never had assumed to be over his country King, or Dictator; but settled the government under the legal name of Prince, or Chief of the Senate:
Annals I (4)
and though a private youth, without post or magistracy, but, in defiance of law, levied an army:
Annals I (5) · As soon as the funeral of Augustus was over
As soon as the funeral of Augustus was over, a temple and divine worship were forthwith decreed him.
Annals I (5)
The Senate then turned their instant supplications to Tiberius, to fill his vacant place; but received an abstruse answer, touching the greatness of the Empire and his own distrust of himself;
Annals I (5)
Wearied at last with public importunity and clamour, and with particular expostulations, he began to unbend a little; not that he would own his undertaking the Empire, but only avoid the uneasiness of perpetually rejecting endless solicitations.
Annals I (5)
nor even thus could he mollify the wrath of Tiberius, who had long hated him
Annals I (5)
Lucius Arruntius incurred his displeasure next, by a speech not much unlike that of Gallus
Annals I (5)
towards Scaurus his resentment was more deep and implacable, and in profound silence he hid it.
Annals I (5) · next day
Tiberius Quintus Haterius Augusta
It is known how Haterius, when he went next day to the palace to implore pardon, and throwing himself at the feet of Tiberius embraced his knees, narrowly escaped being slain by the soldiers; because Tiberius, who was walking, tumbled down, whether by chance, or whether his legs were entangled in the arms of Haterius: neither was he a jot mollified by the danger which threatened so great a man, who was at length forced to supplicate Augusta for protection; nor could even she obtain it, but after the most laboured entreaties.
Annals I (6) · 📍 [[Rome]]
But for Germanicus he asked the Proconsular power; and to carry him that dignity, honourable deputies were sent
Annals I (6) · 📍 [[Rome]]
of the twelve candidates he only reserved to himself the recommendation of four, to be accepted without opposition or caballing.
Annals I (6) · 📍 [[Pannonia]] · when a sedition seized the legions in Pannonia
Thus stood affairs at Rome when a sedition seized the legions in Pannonia; without any fresh grounds, save that from a change of Princes, they meant to assume a warrant for licentiousness and tumult
Annals I (6) · 📍 [[Pannonia]] · for some days
Junius Blesus, who, upon notice of the death of Augustus and the accession of Tiberius, had granted the soldiers a recess from their wonted duties for some days
Annals I (6) · 📍 [[Pannonia]] · towards the evening
When he had thus ripened them for sedition, and other ready incendiaries were combined with him, he personated the character of a lawful Commander
Annals I (7)
For all this, turfs were accumulated, and the work was already breast high, when, at last, overcome by his spirit and perseverance, they forbore.
Annals I (7) · 📍 [[Nauportum]]
Their vengeance was chiefly bent against the Camp-Marshal, Aufidienus Rufus: him they dragged from his chariot, and, loading him with baggage, drove him before the first ranks;
Annals I (7)
Blesus, for an example of terror to the rest, commanded those who were most laden with plunder, to be punished with stripes and cast into prison:
Annals I (7)
Hence the whole body rushed to their relief, burst open the prison, unbound and rescued the prisoners:
Annals I (8)
As it was, they expulsed the Camp-Marshal and Tribunes; and as they fled, plundered their baggage
Annals I (8) · 📍 [[Pannonia]]
Tiberius Drusus (Tiberius's son)
was yet driven by those from Pannonia, to despatch his son Drusus thither
Annals I (8) · 📍 [[Pannonia]]
Tiberius Drusus (Tiberius's son) Aelius Sejanus Strabo
Aelius Sejanus, lately joined with his father Strabo in the command of the Praetorian bands, was also sent
Annals I (8) · When Drusus approached
in their countenances too, though composed to sadness, were seen greater marks of sullenness and contumacy.
Annals I (8) · As soon as he was within the camp
As soon as he was within the camp, they secured the entrances with guards
Annals I (9) · 📍 [[winter quarters]]
Cneius Lentulus Drusus (Tiberius's son)
He was already covered with wounds and blood, and awaiting certain assassination, when the troops attending Drusus flew to his assistance and saved him.
Annals I (9) · The following night
Drusus (Tiberius's son) Julius Clemens
For this purpose, he called and employed the Centurion Julius Clemens, and whoever else were by honest methods acceptable to the multitude.
Annals I (9)
They relinquished the guard of the gates: and the Eagles and other ensigns, which in the beginning of the tumult they had thrown together, were now restored each to its distinct station.
Annals I (9) · as soon as it was day
Drusus (Tiberius's son) Tiberius Lucius Apronius
Hence, at their entreaty, for their deputy to Tiberius the same Blesus was again despatched, and with him Lucius Apronius, a Roman Knight of the cohort of Drusus;
Annals I (9)
Drusus (Tiberius's son) Vibulenus Percennius
Vibulenus and Percennius were produced, and by his command executed;
Annals I (10) · 📍 [[Germany]] · Almost at the same time
Aulus Caecina Caius Silius Germanicus
the legions in Germany raised an insurrection, with greater numbers, and thence with more fury
Annals I (10)
Septimius, who had for refuge fled to the tribunal of Caecina, and lay clasping his feet, was demanded with such imperious vehemence, that he was forced to be surrendered to destruction.
Annals I (10) · then
Cassius Cherea (afterwards famous to posterity for killing Caligula), then a young man of undaunted spirit, and one of the Centurions, boldly opened himself a passage with his sword through a crowd of armed foes striving to seize him.
Annals I (10) · After this
Aulus Caecina Caius Silius Germanicus
After this no further authority remained to the Tribunes, none to the Camp-Marshals.
Annals I (10) · 📍 [[Gaul]]
to him he obliged the Sequanians, a neighbouring people, as also the several Belgic cities, to swear present allegiance
Annals I (10) · the moment he learnt the uproar of the legions
the moment he learnt the uproar of the legions, posted thither
Annals I (13)
These words softened them into supplicants: they confessed that all his reproaches were true;
Annals I (13)
Instantly, with changed resentments, they ran, and seizing the most seditious, dragged them in bonds to Caius Cretonius, commander of the first legion, who judged and punished them in this manner. The legions, with their swords drawn, surrounded the tribunal; from thence the prisoner was by a Tribune exposed to their view, and if they proclaimed him guilty, cast headlong down, and executed even by his fellow-soldiers
Annals I (13) · 📍 [[Rhetia]] · soon after
The veterans followed the same example of vengeance, and were soon after ordered into Rhetia, in appearance to defend that province against the invading Suevians; in reality, to remove them from a camp still horrible to their sight
Annals I (13)
Against the recalling of Agrippina he alleged the advance of winter, and her approaching delivery; but said, that his son should return
Annals I (13)
if the Tribunes or his legion bore testimony of his diligence and integrity, he kept his post; upon concurring complaint of his avarice or cruelty, he was degraded.
Annals I (16) · In the consulship of Drusus Caesar and Caius Norbanus
In the consulship of Drusus Caesar and Caius Norbanus, a triumph was decreed to Germanicus, while the war still subsisted.
Annals I (16)
Germanicus to the command of Caecina committed four legions, five thousand auxiliaries, and some bands of Germans
Annals I (16) · Soon after
Germanicus led back his army to the relief of Segestes, and was rewarded with success. He fought the besiegers, and rescued him
Annals I (16)
yet, encouraged by the Roman clemency, he undertook the execution of his father's orders, was himself graciously received, and then conducted with a guard to the frontiers of Gaul.
Annals I (16) · then
then returned with his army, and by the direction of Tiberius, received the title of Imperator.
Annals I (16)
The wife of Arminius brought forth a male child, and the boy was brought up at Ravenna
Annals I (17)
The desertion of Segestes being divulged, with his gracious reception from Germanicus
Annals I (17)
By these stimulations, not the Cheruscans only were roused, but all the neighbouring nations; and into the confederacy was drawn Inguiomerus
Annals I (17) · 📍 [[river Amisia]]
Germanicus Caecina Pedo Stertinius
sent Caecina with forty Roman cohorts to the river Amisia, through the territories of the Bructerans. Pedo the Prefect led the cavalry by the confines of the Frisians: he himself, on the lake, embarked four legions
Annals I (17) · 📍 [[territories of the Bructerans]]
the Bructerans, setting fire to their effects and dwellings, were routed by Stertinius
Annals I (17)
As this party were engaged between slaughter and plunder, he found the Eagle of the nineteenth legion lost in the overthrow of Varus.
Annals I (17) · 📍 [[forest of Teutoburgium]] · six years after the slaughter
Thus the Roman army buried the bones of the three legions, six years after the slaughter: nor could any one distinguish whether he gathered the particular remains of a stranger, or those of a kinsman; but all considered the whole as their friends, the whole as their relations; with heightened resentments against the foe, at once sad and revengeful. In this pious office, so acceptable to the dead, Germanicus was a partner in the woe of the living
Annals I (19) · 📍 [[Rhine]] · at this time
had not Agrippina restrained them from that infamous attempt
Annals I (19) · at this time
she performed all the duties of a general, relieved the necessitous soldiers, upon the wounded bestowed medicines, and upon others clothes.
Annals I (19)
Germanicus, in order to lighten the ships in which he had embarked his men, and fit their burden to the ebbs and shallows, delivered the second and fourteenth legions to Publius Vitellius, to lead them by land.
Annals I (19) · at length
Vitellius, at length struggling on to an eminence, drew the legions thither, where they passed the cold night without fire, and destitute of every convenience
Annals I (19) · 📍 [[river Vidrus]] · with the day
There the two legions were again embarked, when fame had given them for drowned; nor was their escape believed till Germanicus and the army were seen to return.
Annals I (20) · 📍 [[the city of the Ubians]]
Both were pardoned; the father freely, the son with more difficulty
Annals I (20) · this year
Aulus Caecina Lucius Apronius Caius Silius
The ornaments of triumph were this year decreed to Aulus Caecina, Lucius Apronius, and Caius Silius
Annals I (20) · this year
The title of Father of his Country, so often offered by the people to Tiberius, was rejected by him; nor would he permit swearing upon his acts
Annals I (20)
Augustus was the first who brought libels under the penalties of this wrested law, incensed as he was by the insolence of Cassius Severus
Annals I (20) · 📍 [[Bithynia]] · Not long after
Cepio Crispinus Granius Marcellus Romanus Hispo
Granius Marcellus, Praetor of Bithynia, was charged with high treason by his own Quaestor, Cepio Crispinus; Romanus Hispo, the pleader, supporting the charge.
Annals I (20)
he suffered the accused to be acquitted of high treason. To try him for the public money was referred to the proper judges.
Annals I (22) · 📍 [[Mesia, Achaia and Macedon]]
To Poppeus Sabinus was continued his province of Mesia; and to it was added that of Achaia and Macedon.
Annals II (1)
The commotions in the East happened not ungratefully to Tiberius, since then he had a colour for separating Germanicus from his old and faithful legions; for setting him over strange provinces, and exposing him at once to casual perils and the efforts of fraud.
Annals II (1)
Publius Vitellius Publius Cantius Silius Anteius Caecina
On that method therefore he fixed: whilst Publius Vitellius and Publius Cantius were sent to collect the tribute of the Gauls; Silius, Anteius, and Caecina had the direction of building the fleet.
Annals II (1) · 📍 [[the Cattans]]
While the fleet sailed, Germanicus commanded Silius, his lieutenant, with a flying band, to invade the Cattans; and he himself, upon hearing that the fort upon the river Luppia was besieged, led six legions thither: but the sudden rains prevented Silius from doing more than taking some small plunder, with the wife and daughter of Arpus, Prince of the Cattans;
Annals II (1) · 📍 [[the river Luppia]]
nor did the besiegers stay to fight Germanicus, but upon the report of his approach stole off and dispersed.
Annals II (1)
Germanicus Drusus (Germanicus's father)
As they had, however, thrown down the common tomb lately raised over the Varian legions, and the old altar erected to Drusus, he restored the altar; and performed in person with the legions the funeral ceremony of running courses to the honour of his father.
Annals II (1) · 📍 [[Fort Aliso]]
To replace the tomb was not thought fit; but all the space between Fort Aliso and the Rhine, he fortified with a new barrier.
Annals II (1)
Whilst Germanicus was encamping, he was told of the revolt of the Angrivarians behind him, and thither he despatched a body of horse and light foot, under Stertinius, who with fire and slaughter took vengeance on the perfidious revolters.
Annals II (2)
By degrees they fell into reproaches; nor would the interposition of the river have restrained them from blows, had not Stertinius hasted to lay hold on Flavius, full of rage, and calling for his arms and his horse.
Annals II (2) · 📍 [[Visurgis]] · Next day
Germanicus Stertinius Aemilius
Germanicus, who thought it became not a General to endanger the legions, till for their passage and security he had placed bridges and guards, made the horse ford over. They were led by Stertinius, and Aemilius, Lieutenant-Colonel of a legion, and these two officers crossed the river in distant places, to divide the foe.
Annals II (2)
Cariovalda Stertinius Aemilius
Cariovalda, having long sustained the fury of the enemy, exhorted his men to draw up into platoons, and break through the prevailing host; he himself forced his way into their centre, and fell with his horse under a shower of darts, and many of the principal Batavians round him; the rest were saved by their own bravery, or rescued by the cavalry under Stertinius and Aemilius.
Annals II (2) · 📍 [[Visurgis]]
Germanicus, having passed the Visurgis, learned from a deserter, that Arminius had marked out the place of battle; that more nations had also joined him; that they rendezvoused in a wood sacred to Hercules, and would attempt to storm our camp by night.
Annals II (2) · In the beginning of night
In the meantime one of the enemy who understood Latin rode up to the palisades, and with a loud voice offered, in the name of Arminius, to every deserter a wife and land, and as long as the war lasted an hundred sesterces a day. This contumely kindled the wrath of the legions
Annals II (2) · Near the third watch of the night
Near the third watch of the night, they approached and insulted the camp; but without striking a blow, when they found the ramparts covered thick with cohorts, and no advantage given.
Annals II (2)
The ardour of the soldiers followed the speech of the general, and the signal for the onset was given.
Annals II (3) · 📍 [[Idistavisus]] · As the impatient bands of Cheruscans were now perceived descending fiercely from the hills
Germanicus commanded a body of the best horse to charge them in the flank, and Stertinius with the rest to wheel round to attack them in the rear
Annals II (3) · 📍 [[Idistavisus]]
however, by his own vigour and the force of his horse, he escaped, his face besmeared with his own blood to avoid being known. Some have related that the Chaucians, who were amongst the Roman auxiliaries, knew him, and let him go; the same bravery or deceit procured Inguiomerus his escape
Annals II (3) · 📍 [[Idistavisus]] · from the fifth hour of the day till night
This slaughter of the foe, from the fifth hour of the day till night, filled the country for ten miles with carcasses and arms
Annals II (3)
To Seius Tubero, his Lieutenant, he committed the horse and the field
Annals II (3)
Germanicus, having taken the rampart, first forced his way, at the head of the Praetorian cohorts, into the woods
Annals II (5)
Germanicus persisted no longer; though he knew that this was all feigned and hollow, and saw himself invidiously torn away from a harvest of ripe glory.
Annals II (5) · 📍 [[Tarpeian Rock]]
Lucius Pituanius
one of the herd, Lucius Pituanius, was precipitated from the Tarpeian Rock
Annals II (5) · 📍 [[Esquiline Gate]]
Publius Marcius
Publius Marcius, another, was, by the judgment of the Consuls, at the sound of trumpet executed without the Esquiline Gate, according to the ancient form.
Annals II (5)
Tiberius was provoked; and yet not only soothed him with gentle words, but likewise obliged Piso's relations, by their authority or entreaties, to retain him.
Annals II (5)
and hence at last the Empress ordered the payment of the money claimed by him. This was the issue of the affair
Annals II (5)
The power, however, of Urgulania was so exorbitant to the State, that she disdained to appear a witness in a certain cause before the Senate
Annals II (6) · 📍 [[the palace]]
Cneius Piso Asinius Gallus Tiberius
but the adjournment was carried.
Annals II (6)
He was the grandson of Hortensius the Orator; and had been encouraged by the deified Augustus, with a bounty of a thousand great sestertia, to marry for posterity;
Annals II (6) · 📍 [[the palace]]
hence it was the more wondered, that he received with haughtiness and repulse the petition of Marcus Hortalus, a young man of signal quality and manifestly poor.
Annals II (6) · 📍 [[the palace]]
but if the Senate thought fit, he would give his sons two hundred great sestertia each.
Annals II (7) · the six-and-twentieth of May
In the consulship of Caius Celius and Lucius Pomponius, the six-and-twentieth of May, Germanicus Caesar triumphed over the Cheruscans, the Cattans, the Angrivarians, and the other nations as far as the Elbe.
Annals II (7) · At the end of the year
Tiberius distributed to the people, in the name of Germanicus, three hundred sesterces a man, and named himself his colleague in the Consulship.
Annals II (7)
The provinces beyond the sea were thence decreed to Germanicus, with authority superior to all those who obtained provinces by lot, or the nomination of the Prince
Annals II (7) · 📍 [[Syria]]
Tiberius had already taken care to remove from the government of Syria Creticus Silanus
Annals II (7) · 📍 [[Temple of Saturn]] · At the end of the year
At the end of the year, a triumphal arch was raised near the Temple of Saturn; a monument this for the recovery of the Varian Eagles, under the conduct of Germanicus
Annals II (9)
Tiberius Aemilius Lepidus Marcus Servilius
the estate of the wealthy Aemilia Musa, claimed by the exchequer, as she died intestate, he surrendered to Aemilius Lepidus, to whose family she seemed to belong; as also to Marcus Servilius the inheritance of Patuleius, a rich Roman knight, though part of it had been bequeathed to himself; but he found Servilius named sole heir in a former and well-attested will.
Annals II (9) · 📍 [[the Senate]]
Tiberius Vibidius Varro Marius Nepos Appius Appianus Cornelius Sylla Quintus Vitellius
so he degraded from the Senate (or suffered to quit it of their own accord) Vibidius Varro, Marius Nepos, Appius Appianus, Cornelius Sylla, and Quintus Vitellius, all prodigals, and only through debauchery indigent.
Annals II (9) · following year
The Consuls for the following year were, Tiberius the third time, Germanicus the second.
Annals II (9) · 📍 [[Rhodes]]
Germanicus, who was not ignorant with what malignity and invectives he was pursued, yet acted with so much humanity, that when he might have left him to perish, and to casualty have referred the destruction of his enemy; he despatched galleys to rescue him from the wreck.
Annals II (9) · 📍 [[Syria]]
nor was he sooner there, and found himself amongst the legions, than he began to court the common men by bounties and caresses, to assist them with his countenance and credit, to form factions, to remove all the ancient centurions and every tribune of remarkable discipline and severity, and, in their places, to put dependents of his own, or men recommended only by their crimes;
Annals II (9)
Nor did Plancina restrain herself to a conduct seemly in her sex, but frequented the exercises of the cavalry, and attended the decursions of the cohorts; everywhere inveighing against Agrippina, everywhere against Germanicus; and some even of the most deserving soldiers became prompt to base obedience
Annals II (10) · 📍 [[Artaxata]]
Upon his head therefore, at the city of Artaxata, with the approbation of the nobles, in a great assembly, Germanicus put the regal diadem; and the Armenians doing homage to their king, saluted him, Artaxias, a name which from that of their city, they gave him.
Annals II (10) · 📍 [[Armenia]]
Piso, who was ordered to lead by himself or his son, part of the legions into Armenia, but contemptuously neglected to do either.
Annals II (10) · 📍 [[Egypt]] · In the consulship of Marcus Silanus and Lucius Norbanus
and, indeed, by opening the granaries, he mitigated the price of corn, and practised many things grateful to the people;
Annals II (10) · 📍 [[Alexandria]] · In the consulship of Marcus Silanus and Lucius Norbanus
For these his assumed manners and foreign habit, Tiberius blamed him in a gentle style, but censured him with great asperity for violating an establishment of Augustus, and entering Alexandria without consent of the Prince.
Annals II (11) · 📍 [[Marcomannians]]
hence with a stout band, he entered the borders of the Marcomannians, and corrupting their chiefs into his alliance, stormed the regal palace, and the castle situate near it.
Annals II (11) · As soon as it was known at Rome
that Artaxias was by Germanicus given to the Armenians for their king
Annals II (11) · 📍 [[Rome]] · As soon as it was known at Rome
Germanicus Drusus (Tiberius's son)
the fathers decreed to him and Drusus the lesser triumph: triumphal arches were likewise erected
Annals II (11) · 📍 [[Antioch]] · when he heard of his recovery
the Lictors, by his command, broke the solemnity, drove away the victims already at the altars; overturned the apparatus of the sacrifice; and scattered the people of Antioch
Annals II (11) · 📍 [[Syria]] · afterwards
by a letter to Piso, he renounced his friendship: some add, that he commanded him to depart the province.
Annals II (11) · 📍 [[Syria]] · Nor did Piso tarry longer
Nor did Piso tarry longer, but took ship; yet checked her sailing in order to return with the more quickness
Annals II (12) · Soon after
Soon after he expired, to the heavy sorrow of the province, and of all the neighbouring countries;
Annals II (12) · 📍 [[Forum of Antioch]]
His body, before its commitment to the pile, was exhibited naked in the Forum of Antioch, the place where the pile was erected: whether it bore the marks of poison, remained undecided:
Annals II (12) · 📍 [[Syria]]
Marsus at last yielded to Sentius, the older man and the more vehement competitor.
Annals II (12) · 📍 [[Rome]]
Cneius Sentius Martina Publius Vitellius Veranius Cneius Piso Plancina
By him one Martina, infamous in that province for practices in poisoning, and a close confidant of Plancina, was sent to Rome, at the suit of Vitellius, Veranius, and others, who were preparing criminal articles against Piso and Plancina, as against persons evidently guilty.
Annals II (12)
Agrippina, though overwhelmed with sorrow, and her body indisposed, yet impatient of all delays to her revenge, embarked with the ashes of Germanicus, and her children;
Annals II (12) · 📍 [[Isle of Coös]] · immediately
more arrogant and insulting proved that of Plancina, who immediately threw off her mourning, which for the death of a sister she wore, and assumed a dress adapted to gaiety and gladness.
Annals II (14)
and thus much had already effected, that the Eagle-bearer of the sixth legion revolted to him with his Eagle.
Annals II (14)
conditions which were not accepted; nor was aught granted him save ships and a passport to Rome.
Annals II (14) · 📍 [[Antioch]] · upon the tidings of his death
These lamentations of the populace were, upon the tidings of his death, so inflamed
Annals II (14)
Honours were invented and decreed to Germanicus, various as the affections and genius of the particular Senators who proposed them:
Annals II (14) · In the height of this public sorrow
Livia, sister to Germanicus, and married to Drusus, was delivered of male twins:
Annals II (14) · 📍 [[Isle of Seriphos]]
and it was deemed sufficient to proceed against Vistilia, who was banished to the Isle of Seriphos.
Annals II (14)
Titidius Labeo too was questioned, that in the manifest guilt of his wife, he had neglected the punishment prescribed by the law;
Annals III (1)
Tiberius had despatched two Praetorian cohorts, with directions, that the magistrates of Calabria, Apulia and Campania, should pay their last offices to the memory of his son
Annals III (1) · 📍 [[tomb of Augustus]] · The day his remains were reposited in the tomb of Augustus
The day his remains were reposited in the tomb of Augustus, various were the symptoms of public grief
Annals III (2) · 📍 [[Brundusium]] · suddenly
that Martina, she who was famous for poisonings, and sent, as I have above related, by Cneius Sentius towards Rome, was suddenly dead at Brundusium; that poison lay concealed in a knot of her hair
Annals III (2) · 📍 [[Illyricum]] · The vacation ended
The vacation ended, public affairs were resumed; Drusus departed for the army in Illyricum
Annals III (2)
By landing at the burying-place of the Caesars, he heightened the wrath of the populace
Annals III (2)
Tiberius was aware of the weight of the trial, and with what reproaches he was assaulted. Admitting therefore a few confidants, he heard the charge of the accusers, as also the apology of the accused; and left the cause entire to the Senate.
Annals III (2) · the summer before
though the Senate had for the reduction of Maroboduus, and other his exploits the summer before, decreed him the triumph of ovation; he postponed the honour
Annals III (2)
Cneius Piso Marcus Lepidus Lucius Piso Liveneius Regulus
and he had, in their room, Marcus Lepidus, Lucius Piso and Liveneius Regulus
Annals III (3) · 📍 [[the East]] · lately
Tiberius Cneius Piso Germanicus
lately appointed by himself, at the direction of the Senate, coadjutor to Germanicus in administering the affairs of the East
Annals III (3)
that Piso, in hatred to Germanicus, and passionate for innovations, had by tolerating general licentiousness, and the oppression of the allies, corrupted the common soldiers
Annals III (3)
Cneius Piso Plancina Germanicus
and, at last, by witchcraft and poison destroyed Germanicus himself: hence the infernal charms and immolations practised by him and Plancina
Annals III (3)
In every article but one his defence was faltering. For, neither his dangerous intrigues in debauching the soldiery, nor his abandoning the province to the most profligate and rapacious, nor even his insults to Germanicus, were to be denied.
Annals III (3) · 📍 [[the Senate]]
Tiberius Cneius Piso Germanicus
the inquest concerning his death, be held rather here than in the Forum, in the Senate than the common Tribunals
Annals III (3) · at the same time
They had already dragged his statues to the place from whence malefactors were precipitated, and there had broken them; but by the orders of Tiberius they were rescued and replaced.
Annals III (3)
Piso was put into a litter and carried back by a tribune of a Praetorian cohort; an attendance variously understood, whether as a guard for his safety, or a minister of death.
Annals III (7) · 📍 [[Africa]] · When the Senate met next
Tiberius M. Lepidus Junius Blesus
and named them M. Lepidus and Junius Blesus, to choose either for Proconsul of Africa.
Annals III (7) · 📍 [[Gaul]] · The same year
The same year the cities of Gaul, stimulated by their excessive debts, began a rebellion. The most vehement incendiaries were Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir;
Annals III (8)
Julius Indus, one of the same country with Florus, at enmity with him, and therefore more eager to engage him, was despatched forward with a chosen band, and broke the ill-appointed multitude.
Annals III (8) · at last
but at last, when he saw all the passes beset with soldiers, he fell by his own hands.
Annals III (8) · 📍 [[Augustodunum]]
Augustodunum, the capital of the nation, was seized by Sacrovir, and in it all the noble youth of Gaul, who were there instructed in the liberal arts.
Annals III (8) · At length
At length Varro, old and infirm, yielded to the superior vigour of Silius.
Annals III (8) · Twelve miles from Augustodunum
Instantly the horse surrounded the foe; the foot attacked their front, and the wings were presently routed
Annals III (8) · There
There he slew himself; and the rest, one another: having first set the town on fire, by which they were all consumed.
Annals III (10) · 📍 [[Senate]]
Tiberius Drusus (Tiberius's son)
Tiberius having gained the fame of moderation; because, by rejecting the project for reforming luxury, he had disarmed the growing hopes of the accusers; wrote to the Senate, to desire the Tribunitial Power for Drusus.
Annals III (10)
He afterwards assumed Marcus Agrippa into a fellowship in it;
Annals III (10) · upon his death
Augustus Tiberius Marcus Agrippa
and, upon his death, Tiberius; that none might doubt, who was to be his successor.
Annals III (10)
Tiberius Drusus (Tiberius's son)
By his example, Tiberius now advanced Drusus to the supreme Magistracy; whereas, while Germanicus yet lived, he acted without distinction towards both.
Annals III (10) · 📍 [[Senate]]
Tiberius, while he fortified the vitals of his own domination, afforded the Senate a shadow of their ancient jurisdiction; by referring to their examination petitions and claims from the provinces.
Annals IV (1)
The authority of his command over the guards, which was but moderate before his time, he extended, by gathering into one camp all the Praetorian cohorts then dispersed over the city;
Annals IV (1)
not in conversation only, but in public, in his speeches to the Senate and people, he treated and extolled him, as the sharer of his burdens; nay, allowed his effigies to be publicly adored
Annals IV (1)
he tempted her to adultery, and having fulfilled the first iniquity (nor will a woman, who has sacrificed her chastity, stick at any other) he carried her greater lengths, to the views of marriage, a partnership in the Empire, and even the murder of her husband.
Annals IV (1)
Sejanus too, to avoid the jealousy of the adulteress, discharged from his bed Apicata his wife, her by whom he had three children.
Annals IV (1)
Aelius Sejanus Drusus (Tiberius's son)
The treason he meditated, required a gradation of murders. He however chose the darkest method, and to begin with Drusus;
Annals IV (1) · in the beginning of the year
Drusus (Tiberius's son) Germanicus Nero Tiberius
During this, in the beginning of the year, Drusus one of the sons of Germanicus, put on the manly robe; and upon him the Senate conferred the same honours decreed before to his brother Nero.
Annals IV (3)
To the memory of Drusus were decreed the same solemnities as to that of Germanicus; with many super-added;
Annals IV (3)
Sejanus Livia the elder Livia the younger Agrippina
He therefore chose to attack her another way; to raise alarms from the haughtiness and contumacy of her spirit; to rouse the old hatred of Livia the elder, and the guilty mind of his late accomplice, Livia the younger; that to the Emperor they might represent her
Annals IV (3)
Livia the younger Julius Posthumus Livia the elder Mutilia Prisca
The young Livia acted in this engagement by crafty calumniators; amongst whom she had particularly chosen Julius Posthumus, a man every way qualified for her purposes; as he was the adulterer of Mutilia Prisca, and thence a confidant of her grandmother's; (for over the mind of the Empress, Prisca had powerful influence) and by their means the old woman, in her own nature tender and anxious of power, was rendered utterly irreconcilable to the widow of her grandson.
Annals IV (10) · 📍 [[Smyrna]]
Thus when the votes of the Senators were gathered, the pretensions of Smyrna were preferred.
Annals IV (10) · 📍 [[Asia]]
It was also moved by Vibius Marsus, that Lentulus, to whom had fallen the province of Asia, should be attended by a Legate extraordinary, to supervise the building of the temple; and as Lentulus himself through modesty declined to choose one, several who had been Praetors were drawn by lot, and the lot fell upon Valerius Naso.
Annals IV (10) · 📍 [[Campania]] · In the meantime
In the meantime, according to a purpose long meditated, and from time to time deferred, Tiberius at last retired to Campania; in profession, to dedicate a temple to Jupiter at Capua, and one at Nola to Augustus; but in truth determined to remove, for ever, from Rome.
Annals IV (10)
For, Augustus had deliberated about setting Germanicus at the head of the Roman state; his sister's grandson, and one adored by all men: but subdued by the solicitations of his wife, he adopted Tiberius; and caused Tiberius to adopt Germanicus.
Annals VI (3)
when the Emperor administered relief, by lending a hundred thousand great sesterces for three years, without interest; provided each borrower pawned to the people double the value in inheritance. Thus was credit restored
Annals VI (3) · that same year, nay, that very day
and esteeming his predictions as so many oracles, held him thenceforward in the rank of his most intimate friends
Annals VI (5)
justice prevailed, and being questioned for crimes long since sufficiently manifest, she executed with her own hand that vengeance, which was rather too slow than too severe,
Annals VI (5) · 📍 [[Circus]] · The same year
The same year the city suffered the grievous calamity of fire, which burnt down that part of the Circus contiguous to Mount Aventine and the Mount itself: a loss which turned to the glory of the Prince, as he paid in money the value of the houses destroyed.
Annals VI (5)
Cneius Domitius Cassius Longinus Marcus Vincinus Rubellius Blandus
For ascertaining the damage of particulars, the four sons-in-law of Tiberius were appointed, Cneius Domitius, Cassius Longinus, Marcus Vincinus and Rubellius Blandus;
Annals VI (5)
After the death of Claudia, whom I have mentioned to have been espoused to the young Prince,
Annals VI (6) · 📍 [[Rome]]
Laelius Balbus had with high treason charged Acutia, some time the wife of Publius Vitellius; and, as the Senate were, after her condemnation, decreeing a reward to the accuser
Annals VI (6) · 📍 [[Rome]]
the same was obstructed by the interposition of Junius Otho, Tribune of the People: hence their mutual hate, which ended in the exile of Otho.
Annals VI (6) · 📍 [[Rome]]
Albucilla Cneius Domitius Vibius Marsus Lucius Arruntius
Thereafter Albucilla, who had been married to Satrius Secundus, him that revealed the conspiracy of Sejanus, and herself famous for many amours, was impeached of impious rites devised against the Prince. In the charge were involved, as her associates and adulterers, Cneius Domitius, Vibius Marsus, and Lucius Arruntius.
Annals VI (6) · 📍 [[Rome]]
Hence it was suspected, that, while he was ill, and perhaps without his privacy, the accusations were in great measure forged by Macro, in consequence of his notorious enmity to Arruntius.
Annals VI (6) · 📍 [[Rome]]
Uttering these words, with the spirit of a prophet, he opened his veins.
Annals VI (6) · 📍 [[Rome]]
For Albucilla; she aimed at her own life, but the blow being impotent, she was by order of Senate dragged to execution in the prison.
Annals VI (6) · 📍 [[Rome]]
and that upon Laelius Balbus the same penalty be inflicted:
Histories I.1-4 · A.D. 69.
[A.D. 69.] I propose to begin my narrative with the second consulship of Servius Galba, in which Titus Vinius was his colleague.
Histories I.5-8
His design was as a matter of fact detected and quashed, but, though the ringleader was removed
Histories I.5-8 · 📍 [[Rome]]
Galba Cingonius Varro Petronius Turpilianus
He executed Cingonius Varro, the consul-elect, and Petronius Turpilianus, an ex-consul, the former as an accomplice of Nymphidius, the latter as one of Nero's generals.
Histories I.5-8 · 📍 [[Rome]] · On his arrival at Rome
On his arrival at Rome the butchery of thousands of unarmed soldiers gave an ill omen to his entry
Histories I.5-8 · 📍 [[Africa]]
Galba Trebonius Garutianus Clodius Macer
Macer, who was undoubtedly raising a disturbance in Africa, was put to death by the imperial agent Trebonius Garutianus, acting under Galba's orders
Histories I.5-8 · 📍 [[Germany]]
Cornelius Aquinus Fabius Valens Fonteius Capito
Capito had made a similar attempt in Germany and was killed by two officers, Cornelius Aquinus and Fabius Valens, without waiting for instructions.
Histories I.5-8
Verginius did not immediately declare for Galba. Whether he really did not want the throne is doubtful: without question his soldiers made him the offer.
Histories I.9-13 · 📍 [[Lower Germany]]
The legions of Lower Germany had been for some time without a commander, until Aulus Vitellius appeared.
Histories I.9-13
The Jewish war was being conducted by Flavius Vespasianus--appointed by Nero--with three legions.
Histories I.9-13
Flavius Vespasianus Titus Galba
Indeed he had sent his son Titus to carry his compliments and offer allegiance
Histories I.9-13
Thus it was to Otho, as being already in the secret, that Nero entrusted his favourite mistress, Poppaea Sabina
Histories I.14-16
After receiving the news of the German revolt, although Galba knew nothing for certain of Vitellius' plans, he was fearful to what lengths the outbreak of the troops might go; so, being unable to trust the troops in the city, he had recourse to what seemed his sole remedy and held an Imperial Election.
Histories I.14-16
Your distinguished qualities and your patriotism have persuaded me to offer to you peacefully and quietly the throne for which our ancestors fought on the field of battle, and which I too won by war.
Histories I.14-16
Galba spoke these words and more to the same effect in the tone of one creating an emperor: the rest addressed Piso as though he were emperor
Histories I.17-20 · 📍 [[the guards' camp]] · The tenth of January
He addressed a crowded assembly of the soldiers with true imperial brevity, stating simply that in adopting Piso he was following the example of the sainted Augustus
Histories I.17-20 · The tenth of January
He was afraid that by suppressing the news of the German rebellion he might only seem to exaggerate the danger, so he voluntarily declared that the Fourth and Twenty-second legions had been led by a few traitors into seditious murmurings but no further
Histories I.17-20
Galba gave instructions that these monies should be recovered from the individual recipients, leaving each a tithe of their original gift.
Histories I.17-20 · At this time
Galba Antonius Taurus Antonius Naso Aemilius Pacensis Julius Fronto
At this time several officers were cashiered, Antonius Taurus and Antonius Naso of the Guards, Aemilius Pacensis of the City Garrison, and Julius Fronto of the Police.
Histories I.21-25
Otho bought the whole property out of his own pocket and gave it to him.
Histories I.21-25
Eventually, whenever Galba dined with him, Otho went the length of presenting a hundred sesterces to each of the soldiers on guard, on the pretext that this was instead of entertaining them.
Histories I.21-25
Otho Onomastus Barbius Proculus Veturius
Otho then put Onomastus, one of his freedmen, in charge of the projected crime, and Onomastus took into his confidence Barbius Proculus, an aide-de-camp, and a subaltern named Veturius, both in the Body Guard.
Histories I.21-25
Otho Barbius Proculus Veturius
Otho proceeded to load them with bribes and promises, providing them with funds to enable them to test the feelings of the others.
Histories I.26-30 · 📍 [[Rome]] · on the night of the fourteenth
they at first determined to acclaim Otho as he was returning from dinner on the night of the fourteenth.
Histories I.26-30 · 📍 [[Temple of Saturn]] · On January 15
There thirty-three soldiers of the Body Guard saluted him as emperor. When he showed alarm at the smallness of their number they put him hastily into a litter, and, drawing their swords, hurried him away.
Histories I.26-30 · 📍 [[palace]] · five days
Fellow soldiers, it is now five days since I was made a Caesar. I knew nothing of the future nor whether the name was more to be desired or feared.
Histories I.31-35 · 📍 [[camp]]
The soldiers attacked Subrius and Cetrius with threats and forcibly seizing Longinus disarmed him
Histories I.31-35 · 📍 [[palace]] · without further delay
Galba without further delay supported those whose plan would look best.
Histories I.31-35 · 📍 [[camp]] · first
However, Piso was first dispatched to the camp.
Histories I.31-35 · 📍 [[palace]] · When Vinius resisted this proposal
Laco, prompted by Icelus, assailed him with threats, persisting in his private quarrel
Histories I.31-35 · 📍 [[palace]] · At this point
Breaking open the palace gates they rushed in and presented themselves before Galba
Histories I.31-35 · 📍 [[palace]] · At last
At last, for lack of the truth, Galba yielded to the consensus of error.
Histories I.31-35 · 📍 [[palace]]
Julius Atticus, of the Body Guard, who displayed a dripping sword and shouted out that he had killed Otho.
Histories I.36-39
When the whole legion of the marines had sworn allegiance, he gained confidence in his strength
Histories I.36-39
Otho then gave orders to open the arsenal. The soldiers immediately seized their arms in such haste that all the ordinary distinctions of the service were neglected
Histories I.36-39
Nor in Galba's successor either is there any hope for you. Galba has seen to that. He has recalled from exile the man whose avarice and sour temper he judged most like his own.
Histories I.36-39
Galba Obultronius Sabinus Cornelius Marcellus Betuus Cilo Fonteius Capito Clodius Macer Cingonius Turpilianus Nymphidius
These were the auspices under which he made his entry; and what glory has he brought to the throne he occupies, save the murder of Obultronius Sabinus and Cornelius Marcellus in Spain, of Betuus Cilo in Gaul, of Fonteius Capito in Germany, of Clodius Macer in Africa, of Cingonius on his march to Rome, of Turpilianus in the city, and of Nymphidius in the camp?
Histories I.36-39
It is said that Laco, without Galba's knowledge, proposed the assassination of Titus Vinius
Histories I.40-45 · 📍 [[Forum]]
tore off the medallion of Galba and flung it to the ground. This signal clearly showed that all the troops were for Otho
Histories I.40-45 · 📍 [[temple of Julius]]
afterwards a common soldier named Julius Carus ran him through with a sword.
Histories I.40-45 · 📍 [[temple of Vesta]]
Otho Sulpicius Florus Statius Murcus Piso Licinianus
They dragged Piso forth and butchered him on the threshold of the temple.
Histories I.40-45
So he simulated anger, giving instructions for Celsus' arrest, and by promising that he should meet with a worse penalty, thus rescued him from immediate death.
Histories I.46-49
Plotius Firmus Licinius Proculus
The Praetorian Guards chose their own prefects, Plotius Firmus, a man who had risen from the ranks to the post of Chief of Police, and joined Otho's side before Galba's fall, and Licinius Proculus, an intimate friend of Otho, and therefore suspected of furthering his plans.
Histories I.46-49
They made Flavius Sabinus prefect of the city, therein following Nero's choice, under whom Sabinus had held that post;
Histories I.46-49
Otho was afraid of alienating the centurions by his concessions to the rank and file, and promised to pay the annual furlough-fees out of his private purse.
Histories I.46-49
Marcianus Icelus, as being one of his own freedmen, he sentenced to public execution.
Histories I.46-49
They decreed to Otho the powers of the tribunate, the title of Augustus, and all the imperial prerogatives.
Histories I.46-49
Hastily adopted in preference to his elder brother, the only advantage he reaped was to be killed first.
Histories I.50-52 · 📍 [[Lower Germany]] · In the preceding year, shortly after the beginning of December
He restored many to their rank, remitted degrading penalties, and relieved those who had suffered disgrace, acting mainly from ambitious motives, but partly also upon sound judgement.
Histories I.50-52
Valens was hostile to Galba, because, after unmasking Verginius's hesitation and thwarting Capito's designs, he considered that he had been treated with ingratitude: so he incited Vitellius by pointing out to him the enthusiasm of the troops.
Histories I.53-57 · 📍 [[Upper Germany]] · on the very same day
In Upper Germany, on the other hand, on the very same day, the Fourth and the Twenty-second legions, who were quartered together, smashed their statues of Galba to atoms.
Histories I.53-57
Nonius Receptus Donatius Valens Romilius Marcellus Calpurnius Repentinus Galba
Four centurions of the Twenty-second legion, Nonius Receptus, Donatius Valens, Romilius Marcellus, and Calpurnius Repentinus, who tried to protect Galba's statues, were swept away by the rush of the soldiers and put under arrest.
Histories I.53-57 · 📍 [[Cologne]] · On the night of the first of January
Vitellius dispatched messengers to inform his own troops and generals that the army of the Upper Province had revolted from Galba; so they must either make war on the rebels immediately, or, if they preferred peace and unity, make an emperor for themselves
Histories I.53-57 · 📍 [[Cologne]] · On the following day
On the following day he entered Cologne with the cavalry of his legion and auxiliaries, and saluted Vitellius as emperor.
Histories I.53-57 · 📍 [[Upper Province]] · on the third of January
and the army of the Upper Province, dropping the fine-sounding titles of the Senate and People of Rome, joined Vitellius on the third of January
Histories I.58-62 · promptly
Thus Pompeius Propinquus, the imperial agent in Belgica, was promptly executed
Histories I.58-62 · after victory
So Burdo was kept in confinement and only released after victory had allayed the soldiers' rancour.
Histories I.58-62 · The next
Julius Civilis was the next to be rescued from danger.
Histories I.58-62
Vitellius Nonius Donatius Romilius Calpurnius
Nonius, Donatius, Romilius, and Calpurnius, the centurions mentioned above, were executed by order of Vitellius.
Histories I.58-62 · 📍 [[Britain]] · now
Trebellius Maximus Roscius Coelius
they now seized the opportunity of the civil war to break out into a fierce quarrel.
Histories I.58-62 · Thus hunted out and abandoned
Trebellius, thus hunted out and abandoned, took refuge with Vitellius.
Histories I.58-62 · 📍 [[Italy]]
Vitellius Fabius Valens Caecina
Fabius Valens was to lure the Gauls to his standard, or, if they refused, to devastate their country, and then invade Italy by way of the Cottian Alps. Caecina was to follow the shorter route and descend into Italy over the Pennine Pass.
Histories I.58-62 · then and there
The title of Germanicus was then and there conferred on Vitellius
Histories I.63-66 · 📍 [[Lingones]]
had not Valens punished a few of the Batavians to remind them of the discipline they seemed to have forgotten.
Histories I.63-66 · 📍 [[Lugdunum]]
Valens decided to leave the Eighteenth cohort there in its old winter quarters as a garrison.
Histories I.63-66
Manlius Valens, who was in command of the Italian legion, never received any distinction from Vitellius, although he deserved well of the party, the reason being that Fabius slandered him behind his back, while to avert his suspicions he praised him to his face.
Histories I.63-66 · 📍 [[Lugdunum]]
Galba had made his displeasure an excuse for confiscating to the Treasury the revenues of Lugdunum, while on Vienne he had conferred various distinctions.
Histories I.63-66 · 📍 [[Vienne]]
However, the town was disarmed, and private individuals had to assist the army with various kinds of provisions.
Histories I.63-66 · 📍 [[Lucus]]
as, for instance, at Lucus, a township of the Vocontii, which he threatened to burn, until he was appeased with money.
Histories I.67-71
having heard nothing of Galba's murder, refused to acknowledge the authority of Vitellius.
Histories I.67-71 · 📍 [[Aventicum]]
Caecina executed Julius Alpinus, one of their chief men, as the prime instigator of the revolt.
Histories I.67-71 · 📍 [[Padua]]
So the troop went over to Vitellius, bringing their new emperor a gift of the four strongest towns of the Transpadane district, Milan, Novara, Eporedia, and Vercelli.
Histories I.67-71 · 📍 [[Noricum]]
he himself hesitated whether he should not cross the Raetian Alps into Noricum and attack the governor, Petronius Urbicus
Histories I.67-71 · 📍 [[Alps]]
So he chose the Pennine route and led his legionaries and the heavy marching column across the Alps, although they were still deep in snow.
Histories I.67-71 · 📍 [[Capitol]]
Otho treated him as if there was nothing to pardon. Calling on heaven to witness their reconciliation
Histories I.72-76 · 📍 [[Sinuessa Spa]] · Eventually
There after a cowardly delay in the foul embraces of his prostitutes he cut his throat with a razor, and blackened the infamy of his life by a hesitating and shameful death.
Histories I.72-76 · About the same time
But she was saved by various prevarications, and Otho's connivence cost him some discredit.
Histories I.77-80 · For the next two months
Otho Verginius Pompeius Vopiscus
For the next two months he appointed Verginius, as a sort of sop to the army in Germany. As colleague he gave him Pompeius Vopiscus, ostensibly because he was an old friend of his own, but it was generally understood as a compliment to Vienne.
Histories I.77-80 · for June and July
The brothers Caelius and Flavius Sabinus were consuls for June and July
Histories I.77-80
Otho Cadius Rufus Pedius Blaesus Saevinus Proculus
He restored Cadius Rufus, Pedius Blaesus, and Saevinus Proculus to their seats in the senate.
Histories I.77-80 · 📍 [[Moesia]] · When the news of this reached Rome
Marcus Aponius Fulvius Aurelius Tettius Julianus Numisius Lupus
When the news of this reached Rome, Marcus Aponius, the governor of Moesia, was granted a triumphal statue, while the commanding officers of the legions, Fulvius Aurelius, Tettius Julianus, and Numisius Lupus, received the insignia of consular rank.
Histories I.77-80 · after nightfall
When Crispinus tried to check them, the mutineers killed him together with the most determined of the centurions
Histories I.77-80 · 📍 [[Rome]] · after nightfall
seized their armour, bared their swords, and mounting the horses, made off at full speed for Rome and the palace.
Histories I.81-84
But feeling no less alarm for the senators than for himself, he promptly dispatched the prefects of the Guards to appease the anger of the troops, and told all his guests to leave immediately.
Histories I.81-84
Julius Martialis Vitellius Saturninus
Julius Martialis, a tribune of the Guards, and Vitellius Saturninus, the camp-prefect of the legion, were wounded while endeavouring to bar their progress.
Histories I.81-84
At last Otho, sacrificing his dignity, stood up on a couch and with great difficulty restrained them by means of prayers and tears. They returned to their camp unwillingly, and with a guilty conscience.
Histories I.81-84 · The next day
Licinius Proculus Plotius Firmus
They concluded by announcing that the men were to receive five thousand sesterces apiece.
Histories I.81-84
The culprits were but few, and only two are to be punished; the rest of you must blot out all memory of that discreditable night.
Histories I.85-88
Otho Antonius Novellus Suedius Clemens Aemilius Pacensis
The command of the expedition was entrusted to Antonius Novellus and Suedius Clemens, both senior centurions, and to Aemilius Pacensis
Histories I.85-88
to whom Otho had restored his commission, of which Galba had deprived him.
Histories I.85-88
Otho Suetonius Paulinus Marius Celsus Annius Gallus Licinius Proculus
In command of the cavalry and infantry he placed Suetonius Paulinus, Marius Celsus, and Annius Gallus, but the man in whom he put most faith was the Prefect of the Guards, Licinius Proculus.
Histories I.85-88 · 📍 [[Aquinum]] · about this time
It was about this time that Cornelius Dolabella was banished to the colony of Aquinum, though not kept in close or dishonourable confinement.
Histories I.85-88
Among these was Lucius Vitellius, whom he treated neither as an emperor's brother nor as the brother of an enemy, but just like anybody else.
Histories I.85-88
No sooner had the panic caused by the flood subsided than it was found that, whereas Otho was preparing an expedition, its route over the Martian Plain and up the Flaminian Road was blocked.
Histories I.89-90
Scribonianus' rising against Claudius was no sooner heard of than crushed.
Histories I.89-90 · on the fourteenth of March
Accordingly, on the fourteenth of March he commended the government of the country to the senate
Histories I.89-90 · on the fourteenth of March
and granted to the restored exiles all the rest of the property confiscated by Nero which had not yet been sold for the imperial treasury.
Histories I.89-90 · On his departure
On his departure Otho entrusted the peace of the city and the interests of the empire to his brother Salvius Titianus.
Histories II.1-4 · Before Galba's fall
Before Galba's fall Titus Vespasianus had been dispatched by his father from Judaea to Rome.
Histories II.1-4
It was at Corinth in Achaia that Titus received the news of Galba's murder, and was assured by people in the town that Vitellius had declared war.
Histories II.1-4 · 📍 [[Paphos]]
The priest, whose name was Sostratus, seeing that the entrails were uniformly favourable, and that the goddess assented to Titus' ambitious schemes, returned at the moment a brief and ordinary reply, but afterwards sought a private interview and revealed the future to him.
Histories II.1-4 · 📍 [[Jerusalem]]
Vespasian had already broken the back of the Jewish war. Only the siege of Jerusalem remained.
Histories II.5-9 · Before the arrival of Titus
Before the arrival of Titus both armies had sworn allegiance to Otho.
Histories II.5-9 · 📍 [[Galatia and Pamphylia]] · About this time
Galba had entrusted the government of Galatia and Pamphylia to Calpurnius Asprenas, who had been granted an escort of two triremes from the fleet at Misenum.
Histories II.5-9 · 📍 [[Cythnus]]
However, they faithfully made a full report to Asprenas, on whose instructions they boarded the ship and killed the impostor, whoever he was.
Histories II.10-13 · 📍 [[the senate]]
At length came the conviction of Faustus
Histories II.10-13 · 📍 [[Dalmatia and Pannonia]] · Meanwhile
At his order the armies of Dalmatia and Pannonia started from their base.
Histories II.10-13 · 📍 [[the Po]]
Annius Gallus Vestricius Spurinna
Annius Gallus was placed in command of these forces with Vestricius Spurinna, and they were sent forward to hold the line of the Po.
Histories II.10-13 · 📍 [[the Alps]] · already
Caecina, whom Otho had hoped to hold within the Gallic provinces, having already crossed the Alps.
Histories II.10-13 · 📍 [[the Maritime Alps]]
Suedius Clemens Antonius Novellus Aemilius Pacensis
To secure these mountains and attack the province of Narbonese Gaul he had placed in command Suedius Clemens, Antonius Novellus, and Aemilius Pacensis.
Histories II.10-13 · however
Pacensis, however, was made a prisoner by his mutinous troops
Histories II.10-13 · 📍 [[the Maritime Alps]] · at the first engagement
But at the first engagement the mountaineers were cut down and dispersed.
Histories II.10-13 · 📍 [[Albintimilium]]
Enraged by this engagement, Otho's troops visited their indignation on the town of Albintimilium.
Histories II.14-17 · 📍 [[Narbonese Gaul]]
Fabius Valens Julius Classicus
He dispatched two cohorts of the Tungri and four troops of horse, together with the entire cavalry regiment of the Treviri. This force was put under the command of Julius Classicus
Histories II.14-17
The fame of this naval victory kept Corsica and Sardinia and the adjacent islands faithful to Otho's cause.
Histories II.14-17 · 📍 [[Corsica]]
So they swore allegiance to Vitellius, as did also the general mass of ignorant people, who blindly shared a fear they did not feel.
Histories II.14-17 · 📍 [[Corsica]]
Decumus Pacarius Claudius Pyrrhicus Quintius Certus
He ordered their execution.
Histories II.14-17 · 📍 [[Corsica]]
Waiting till Pacarius' visitors were gone, they murdered him, stripped and helpless, in his bath, and killed his comrades too.
Histories II.14-17 · 📍 [[Placentia]]
Crossing suddenly opposite Placentia, they captured a handful of scouts and created such a panic
Histories II.18-22 · 📍 [[Placentia]]
Seizing the standards and colours they broke out, threatening to kill the general who tried to check them and paying no heed to their superior officers.
Histories II.18-22 · 📍 [[Placentia]]
Finally Spurinna himself rather explained his plans than reproached their faults, and, leaving patrols behind, succeeded eventually in leading the rest of the men back to Placentia in a quieter and more submissive frame of mind.
Histories II.18-22 · 📍 [[Placentia]] · At nightfall
At nightfall, with the Po in sight, Spurinna decided to entrench his camp.
Histories II.18-22 · 📍 [[Placentia]]
At last they sacrificed the honour of their party and beat a retreat.
Histories II.18-22 · 📍 [[Cremona]] · As he was retiring
So he crossed the Po and made for Cremona.
Histories II.18-22 · As he was retiring
Caecina Turullius Cerialis Julius Briganticus
As he was retiring, Turullius Cerialis with a large force of marines, and Julius Briganticus with a few cavalry, came over to his side.
Histories II.23-26 · 📍 [[Twin Brethren]]
Suetonius Paulinus Marius Celsus Caecina
At this point Otho's infantry charged, crushed the opposing line, and even routed the troops who were hurrying up in support.
Histories II.23-26
There Prince Epiphanes was wounded, while making vigorous efforts to rally Otho's forces.
Histories II.23-26
Mutiny, too, broke out in the camp, because the troops were not all taken into battle.
Histories II.23-26
Julius Gratus, the camp-prefect, was put in irons on a charge of plotting with his brother, who was fighting on Otho's side.
Histories II.23-26
It was known that the Othonians had arrested the brother, Julius Fronto, on the same charge.
Histories II.27-31 · 📍 [[Ticinum]]
the troops under Fabius Valens, who had now reached Ticinum, lost their contempt for the enemy, conceived a desire to retrieve their glory, and offered their general a more respectful and steady obedience.
Histories II.27-31 · Ultimately
Ultimately Valens began to suspect that their insubordination meant treachery. Accordingly, on receiving the news that Otho's fleet had defeated the Treviran cavalry and the Tungri, and was now blockading Narbonese Gaul, he determined at the same time to assist his allies, and by a stroke of generalship to separate contingents that were so insubordinate and, if united, so strong. He therefore ordered the Batavians to march to the support of Narbo.
Histories II.27-31 · Immediately
They attacked their general, stoned him, and chased him out of the camp, shouting that he was concealing the spoils of Gaul and the gold from Vienne, the due reward of their labours. They looted the baggage, ransacked the general's quarters, and even rummaged in the ground with javelins and lances.
Histories II.27-31 · Gradually
Valens appeared, haggard and in tears, but above all expectation safe and sound,--joy, sympathy, cheers! With a wild revulsion of feeling--mobs are always extravagant--they made a ring round him with the eagles and standards, and carried him to the Tribunal with loud praises and congratulations. With wise moderation he demanded no punishment
Histories II.27-31 · 📍 [[Ticinum]] · While they were entrenching themselves at Ticinum
They refused rest, would not wait for the general, marched on in front of the standards, hurrying on the bearers, and by a forced march joined Caecina.
Histories II.27-31 · Now that Caecina and Valens had joined forces
Now that Caecina and Valens had joined forces, the Vitellians had no longer any reason to avoid a decisive battle.
Histories II.32-35 · When it was decided to take the offensive
Otho Suetonius Paulinus Marius Celsus
When it was decided to take the offensive, the question arose whether Otho in person should take part in the battle or hold himself in reserve.
Histories II.32-35 · 📍 [[Brixellum]] · From this day
Otho was to retire to Brixellum, and, by withdrawing from the hazards of the field, reserve himself for the supreme control of the campaign and of the empire. To this Paulinus and Celsus offered no further opposition, for fear of seeming to endanger the person of their prince. From this day dates the decline of Otho's party.
Histories II.32-35 · 📍 [[Po]]
Feigning an intention of crossing the Po, they began to construct a bridge, partly as a demonstration against the gladiators on the opposite bank, partly to find something for their idle troops to do.
Histories II.32-35
When a good number of them had swam across, Macer manned some Liburnian cruisers and attacked them with the bravest of his gladiators. But they fought with less courage than soldiers, and from their unsteady boats they could not shoot so well as the others, who had a firm footing on the bank. Swaying this way and that in their alarm, the sailors and the marines were beginning to get in each other's way, when the Germans actually leapt into the shallows, caught hold of the boats by the stern, and either clambered up by the gangways or sunk them bodily with their own hands. All this took place before the eyes of both armies, and the higher rose the spirits of the Vitellians, the greater became the indignation of the Othonians
Histories II.36-40
Macer
He had been actually wounded by a lance that had been flung at him, and the soldiers were rushing on him with drawn swords when some tribunes and centurions intervened and rescued him.
Histories II.36-40 · 📍 [[Placentia]] · Soon after this
Soon after this, Vestricius Spurinna, on Otho's orders, brought up a reinforcement of the Guards, leaving behind a small garrison at Placentia
Histories II.36-40 · before long
Otho Flavius Sabinus Macer
and before long, Otho sent the consul-elect, Flavius Sabinus, to take command of Macer's force.
Histories II.41-44 · On that same day
Valens had given orders to sound for battle, and the troops were already under arms.
Histories II.41-44 · 📍 [[the Po]]
The Twenty-first rallied and charged the front of the enemy, killing the commanding officer, Orfidius Benignus
Histories II.41-44
Caecina Fabius Valens Varus Alfenus
Caecina and Valens began to bring up the reserves to the support of their men, and, as a fresh reinforcement, there arrived Varus Alfenus with his Batavians.
Histories II.41-44 · 📍 [[Bedriacum]] · Night came
Annius Gallus had already placed sentinels on guard and got the men under control.
Histories II.45-48 · On the next day
So they sent a deputation. The Vitellian generals had no hesitation in granting terms. However, they detained the deputation for a short time, which caused some qualms to those who did not know whether it had been successful. At length, the envoys returned, and the gates of the camp were opened.
Histories II.45-48
But one battle is enough. This is the precedent that I will set. Let posterity judge me by it.
Histories II.45-48
After some such speech as this he urged them courteously to hurry away and not to exasperate the victor by their hesitation.
Histories II.49-53
Hearing his dying groan, his slaves and freedmen entered with Plotius Firmus, the Prefect of the Guards, and found a single wound in his breast.
Histories II.49-53 · 📍 [[Mutina]]
Licinius Caecina Eprius Marcellus
Licinius Caecina attacked Eprius Marcellus for the ambiguity of his language.
Histories II.49-53 · 📍 [[Bononia]]
This filled them with admiration. They felt ashamed to ask any more questions--and declared unanimously for Vitellius.
Histories II.54-58
the news of Otho's death travelled all the more quickly because it excited admiration.
Histories II.54-58
In the senate the distinctions devised during the long reigns of other emperors were all conferred on Vitellius at once.
Histories II.54-58 · 📍 [[Rhine]]
Leaving Hordeonius Flaccus to guard the line of the Rhine
Histories II.54-58 · 📍 [[Mauretania]] · During these same days
news arrived that Albinus, the Governor of Mauretania, had been murdered
Histories II.59-63
Asinius Pollio, who commanded the local cavalry, one of Albinus' loyal friends, was assassinated.
Histories II.59-63 · 📍 [[Caesariensis]] · as he landed
Albinus himself embarked from Tingitana for Caesariensis, and was murdered as he landed.
Histories II.59-63 · 📍 [[Lugdunum]]
Vitellius took him up in his arms and named him Germanicus, at the same time decorating him with all the insignia of his imperial position.
Histories II.59-63 · When at last their case was heard
Vitellius Suetonius Paulinus Licinius Proculus
Vitellius believed their protestations of treason, and acquitted them of all suspicion of loyalty.
Histories II.59-63 · later
Mariccus was captured in the engagement, and later thrown to wild beasts.
Histories II.59-63
Flavius Sabinus Dolabella Triaria
Sabinus was naturally of a kindly disposition, but easily changed under the influence of fear. Though it was not he who was in danger, he was full of alarms, and hastened Dolabella's impending ruin
Histories II.64-68 · 📍 [[Interamnium]]
summoned Dolabella by letter to avoid the crowded thoroughfare of the Flaminian road and to turn off to Interamnium, where he gave orders for his murder. The assassin found the journey tedious; discovered his victim sleeping on the floor at a wayside inn, and cut his throat.
Histories II.64-68
Cluvius' influence carried the day, and Vitellius even had his own freedman punished. Cluvius was given a place at court, while still retaining Spain, of which he was absentee governor
Histories II.64-68
A freedman of the imperial court, Hilarus by name, had given evidence against him, alleging that, when Cluvius heard of the rival claims of Otho and Vitellius, he had endeavoured to set up an independent authority of his own in Spain, and to this end had issued passports with no emperor's name at the head. Certain phrases in his speeches were also construed as damaging to Vitellius and as a bid for his own popularity. However, Cluvius' influence carried the day, and Vitellius even had his own freedman punished.
Histories II.64-68 · 📍 [[Britain]] · then
Vettius Bolanus, who was then about the court, was sent out to take his place.
Histories II.64-68
Vitellius gave orders that the Batavians should be drafted into his army, while the legion was to be marched over the Graian Alps by a détour which would avoid Vienne.
Histories II.69-73
to meet the expenses of which Vitellius gave orders for depleting the strength of the legions and auxiliaries.
Histories II.69-73
Vitellius Fabius Valens Caecina
To secure a few months of office for Valens and Caecina, the other consuls of the year had their terms shortened
Histories II.69-73
while Martius Macer's claim was ignored as belonging to Otho's party.
Histories II.69-73
Vitellius Valerius Marinus Galba
Valerius Marinus, who had been nominated by Galba, had his term postponed, not for any offence
Histories II.69-73
The name of Pedanius Costa was omitted altogether. Vitellius had never forgiven him for rising against Nero
Histories II.74-77
He had so much attached his troops to himself, that when he dictated to them the oath of allegiance and prayed that 'all might be well' with Vitellius, they listened in silence.
Histories II.74-77 · 📍 [[Egypt]]
Tiberius Alexander, the Governor of Egypt, had made common cause with him.
Histories II.74-77 · in Claudius' reign
It was thus that Scribonianus had been killed in Claudius' reign, and his murderer, Volaginius, raised from a common soldier to the highest rank.
Histories II.74-77 · Even
Even Otho fell not by the strategy or strength of his opponent, but by his own precipitate despair.
Histories II.74-77 · to-day
Vitellius is disbanding his legions, disarming his Guards, and daily sowing fresh seeds of civil war.
Histories II.78-81 · 📍 [[Alexandria]] · on the first of July
The first offer of the throne to Vespasian was made at Alexandria, where Tiberius Alexander with great promptitude administered the oath of allegiance to his troops on the first of July.
Histories II.78-81
The others promptly rushed up calling him Caesar and Augustus, and heaping on him all the imperial titles.
Histories II.78-81 · 📍 [[Syria]] · Before the 15th of July
Before the 15th of July the whole of Syria had sworn allegiance.
Histories II.82-86 · 📍 [[Aquileia]] · On their arrival at Aquileia
On their arrival at Aquileia they had mobbed the couriers who brought the news of Otho's fall, and torn to pieces the standards bearing Vitellius' name, finally looting the camp-chest and dividing the money among themselves.
Histories II.82-86 · 📍 [[Moesia]]
Aponius Saturninus Tettius Julianus
He sent a centurion to murder Tettius Julianus, who commanded the Seventh legion, alleging the interests of his party as a cloak for a personal quarrel. Julianus heard of his danger and, taking some guides who knew the country, escaped into the wilds of Moesia and got as far as Mount Haemus.
Histories II.82-86
Galba gave him command of the Seventh legion, and he was believed to have written repeatedly to Otho offering his services as general to the party.
Histories II.82-86 · When Vitellius' cause began to decline
Antonius Primus Vespasian Vitellius
When Vitellius' cause began to decline, he joined Vespasian and proved an acquisition.
Histories II.82-86 · 📍 [[Pannonia]] · Then
Then he joined Vespasian's party, giving a keen stimulus to the war; for, being attracted more by danger itself than by its prizes, he always disliked what was certain and long established, preferring everything that was new and dangerous and doubtful.
Histories II.82-86 · 📍 [[Illyricum]] · All in an instant
So the Vespasian party used all their efforts to fan every spark of discontent throughout the empire. Letters were sent to the Fourteenth in Britain and to the First in Spain, since both these legions had stood for Otho against Vitellius. In Gaul, too, letters were scattered broadcast. All in an instant the war was in full flame. The armies of Illyricum openly revolted, and all the others were ready to follow the first sign of success.
Histories II.87-91 · 📍 [[Rome]]
He made his way to Rome with a heavy marching column of sixty thousand troops, demoralized by loose discipline
Histories II.87-91 · 📍 [[Rome]] · on the 18th of July
Vitellius took office as high priest, and issued his encyclical on public worship on the 18th of July
Histories II.87-91 · 📍 [[Rome]]
Helvidius Priscus, then praetor-elect, opposed Vitellius' policy. At first the emperor showed annoyance
Histories II.87-91 · 📍 [[Rome]] · Afterwards
he replied that there was nothing strange in two senators disagreeing on a question of public policy
Histories II.92-95
Vitellius Publilius Sabinus Julius Priscus
Vitellius had given the command of the Guards to Publilius Sabinus, who had commanded an auxiliary cohort, and Julius Priscus, hitherto only a centurion.
Histories II.92-95
Moreover, the generals, either for bribes or to earn popularity, tampered with the rules of the service, enrolling sixteen regiments of Guards and four for the city garrison, each composed of a thousand men.
Histories II.92-95
Each man chose his service. However unfit, he might enlist in the Guards, if he preferred it.
Histories II.92-95 · 📍 [[Rome]] · Vitellius' birthday
Fabius Valens Caecina Vitellius
Moreover, Valens and Caecina celebrated Vitellius' birthday by holding gladiatorial shows in every quarter of Rome on a scale of magnificence hitherto unknown.
Histories II.96-100
Aponius did not tell the whole story. So the emperor's flattering friends began to explain it all away
Histories II.96-100 · 📍 [[Africa]] · at the same time
In Africa the legion and auxiliaries enlisted by Clodius Macer, and subsequently disbanded by Galba, took service again at Vitellius' orders
Histories II.96-100 · After a while
Valerius Festus Vitellius Vespasian
In his official letters and edicts he still acknowledged Vitellius, while in secret communication with Vespasian and ready to support whichever party proved successful.
Histories II.96-100 · 📍 [[Raetia and the Gallic provinces]]
some centurions and men carrying letters and edicts from Vespasian were taken prisoners and sent to Vitellius, who had them executed.
Histories II.96-100 · at last
Vitellius Caecina Fabius Valens
Vitellius instructed Caecina and Valens to prepare for war. Caecina was sent on ahead
Histories II.96-100 · 📍 [[Rome]] · After taking an affectionate and respectful farewell of Vitellius
Caecina dispatched a body of cavalry to occupy Cremona. He soon followed with the detachments
Histories II.96-100 · 📍 [[Cremona]] · When Caecina had started
Caecina, however, took advantage of being on the spot, and pretended that this plan had been altered
Histories II.96-100 · 📍 [[Patavium]] · Thence
Caecina Lucilius Bassus Vespasian
Thence he proceeded to Patavium to secure secrecy for his treacherous designs. For Lucilius Bassus
Histories II.101
Bassus found the same task less difficult, for the fleet remembered that they had lately been in Otho's service, and were therefore already on the brink of rebellion.
Histories III.1-4 · 📍 [[Poetovio]]
the rest of the crowd were filled with contempt for the cowardice of the other generals, and cheered their one and only leader to the echo.
Histories III.1-4 · 📍 [[Italy]]
Having once given up his province and returned to Italy, he was out of the reach of danger
Histories III.1-4
Cornelius Fuscus Tampius Flavianus
It was Cornelius Fuscus who had persuaded him to this
Histories III.5-8 · 📍 [[Aenus]]
Sextilius Felix Porcius Septiminus Vitellius
Sextilius Felix was therefore dispatched with Aurius' Horse and eight cohorts of auxiliary infantry, together with the native levies of Noricum, to hold the line of the river Aenus, which forms the frontier of Raetia and Noricum.
Histories III.5-8
He was supposed to have sought a private interview with Nero, at which he maligned Corbulo's character. His infamous treachery brought him the emperor's favour and a post as senior centurion.
Histories III.5-8 · 📍 [[Patavium and Ateste]]
Antonius Primus Arrius Varus Vitellius
Pressing forward, they won Patavium and Ateste for the party.
Histories III.5-8 · 📍 [[Forum Alieni]] · at dawn
Antonius Primus Arrius Varus Vitellius
They accordingly rushed the position at dawn, and cut down many of the men without their weapons.
Histories III.5-8
So he gave orders that all the statues of Galba, which had been thrown down during the civil war, should be replaced for worship throughout the country towns.
Histories III.5-8 · 📍 [[Vicetia]]
Antonius Primus Arrius Varus Caecina Vitellius
On the road they occupied Vicetia.
Histories III.9-11 · 📍 [[Verona]]
Antonius Primus Tampius Flavianus
When the riot grew worse, and they began to pass from insulting speeches to murderous violence, he gave orders that Flavianus should be put in chains.
Histories III.9-11 · that same night
Flavianus left that same night, and on his way met letters from Vespasian, which delivered him from danger.
Histories III.9-11
Aponius Saturninus Antonius Primus Dillius Aponianus Vipstanus Messala
He escaped, however, aided not so much by the efforts of Antonius, Aponianus, and Messala, who did everything in their power to rescue him, but rather by the security of his hiding-place
Histories III.9-11 · 📍 [[Patavium]] · Eventually
Eventually he gave up his lictors and retired to Patavium.
Histories III.9-11
Antonius Primus Tampius Flavianus Aponius Saturninus
The departure of both the consular governors left Antonius in supreme command of the two armies.
Histories III.12-15 · 📍 [[Ravenna]] · night-time
Lucilius Bassus Vespasian Vitellius
The rest of the fleet were glad enough of a change, and their sympathies soon came round to Vespasian. Then Lucilius appeared and publicly claimed responsibility.
Histories III.12-15 · 📍 [[Atria]]
Lucilius Bassus Vibennius Rufinus
Bassus was put under honourable arrest and conveyed with an escort of Liburnian cruisers to Atria, where he was imprisoned by Vibennius Rufinus
Histories III.12-15 · 📍 [[Atria]] · soon
However, he was soon set free on the intervention of Hormus, one of the emperor's freedmen.
Histories III.12-15
Caecina Vespasian Vitellius Antonius Primus
Eventually, when some of his accomplices had given the cue and the rest were dumbfoundered by his change of front, he made them all swear allegiance to Vespasian. Immediately the portraits of Vitellius were torn down and messengers dispatched to Antonius.
Histories III.12-15
Caecina Fabius Fabullus Cassius Longus Vitellius
Led by the Fifth legion, they replaced the portraits of Vitellius and put Caecina in irons. They selected Fabius Fabullus, commanding the Fifth legion, and the camp-prefect, Cassius Longus, to lead them.
Histories III.12-15
When Antonius heard of this he determined to attack the enemy while they were still at variance and their forces divided.
Histories III.16-20 · About eleven in the morning
Arrius Varus, who was greedy to distinguish himself, galloped out with the keenest of the troopers and charged the Vitellians, inflicting only slight loss; for, on the arrival of reinforcements, the tables were turned and those who had been hottest in pursuit were now hindmost in the rout.
Histories III.16-20
Thus necessity or chance restored their fallen fortunes. Forming in close order, they received the Vitellians' reckless and disordered charge, and at once flung them into confusion.
Histories III.16-20 · 📍 [[Cremona]] · As evening fell
Why not rather wait one night till our siege-train arrives and then carry the victory by force?' So saying, he sent the camp-followers and servants with the freshest of the troopers back to Bedriacum to bring up supplies and whatever else was wanted.
Histories III.21-24
Had they not under Mark Antony defeated the Parthians and the Armenians under Corbulo?
Histories III.25-29
As soon as Antonius saw them waver, he kept thrusting at them in massed column. The line bent and then broke
Histories III.25-29 · 📍 [[Cremona]]
Antonius also inclined to this view and gave orders for them to surround the rampart.
Histories III.25-29 · 📍 [[Cremona]]
Whether this was Hormus's idea, as Messala records, or whether we should rather follow Caius Pliny, who accuses Antonius
Histories III.25-29 · 📍 [[Cremona]]
the general, Antonius, came up with a picked band of auxiliaries to support their assault.
Histories III.25-29 · 📍 [[Cremona]]
All the authorities agree that Caius Volusius of the Third legion was the first man in.
Histories III.30-33 · 📍 [[Cremona]]
Antonius ordered his men to bring fire and apply it to the most beautiful of the buildings outside the walls, hoping that the loss of their property might induce the citizens to turn traitor.
Histories III.30-33 · 📍 [[Cremona]]
Meanwhile the tribunes and centurions did away with the name and portraits of Vitellius.
Histories III.30-33 · 📍 [[Cremona]]
They released Caecina, who was still in irons, and begged his help in pleading their cause.
Histories III.30-33 · 📍 [[Cremona]]
when Antonius had given the order to cease firing, they carried out their standards and eagles, followed by a miserable column of disarmed soldiers
Histories III.30-33 · 📍 [[Cremona]]
Antonius restrained them and sent Caecina under escort to Vespasian.
Histories III.30-33 · 📍 [[Cremona]]
Antonius summoned a mass meeting and delivered a eulogy upon his victorious army, promising mercy to the vanquished and speaking of Cremona in ambiguous terms.
Histories III.30-33 · 📍 [[Cremona]] · four days
Thus forty thousand soldiers burst into the town with a yet larger crowd of servants and sutlers, even more depraved than the soldiers in their readiness for cruelty and lust.
Histories III.34-38 · 📍 [[Germany]]
to Germany Alpinius Montanus, who had commanded an auxiliary cohort.
Histories III.34-38 · 📍 [[Ravenna]]
he received the startling news of Lucilius Bassus' treachery and the disaffection of the fleet at Ravenna.
Histories III.34-38 · 📍 [[Rome]]
Vitellius Publilius Sabinus Alfenus Varus
He gave orders for the imprisonment of Publilius Sabinus, the prefect of the Guards, on the ground of his intimacy with Caecina, and appointed Alfenus Varus in his place.
Histories III.34-38 · 📍 [[Rome]] · the last of October
Rosius Regulus actually made humble petition for this one day's office, Vitellius' offer and his acceptance exciting universal derision. Thus he entered and abdicated his office on the same day, the last of October.
Histories III.34-38 · at this time
It was at this time that the news of the death of Junius Blaesus gave rise to much talk.
Histories III.39-43 · At last
He wrote to Vitellius demanding reinforcements, and there arrived three cohorts of Guards and a regiment of cavalry from Britain
Histories III.39-43 · 📍 [[Ariminum]] · Valens' departure having dispirited the troops at Ariminum
Cornelius Fuscus advanced his force and, stationing Liburnian cruisers along the adjoining coast, invested the town by land and sea.
Histories III.39-43 · 📍 [[Forum Julii]] · lately
For Valerius Paulinus, the imperial agent in the province, was an energetic soldier who had been friendly with Vespasian in old days, and had lately sworn all the surrounding communities to his cause.
Histories III.39-43 · When Fabius Valens returned to the ships
while Maturus and the rest preferred to remain and swear allegiance to Vespasian.
Histories III.39-43 · 📍 [[the Stoechades]] · Eventually
Fabius Valens Valerius Paulinus
Eventually a gale drove him upon the Stoechades, some islands belonging to Marseilles, and there he was overtaken by the cruisers which Paulinus had sent in pursuit.
Histories III.44-48 · 📍 [[Britain]]
Cartimandua Caratacus Claudius
Her authority had lately increased, since she had betrayed King Caratacus into the hands of the Romans, and was thus considered to have provided Claudius Caesar with material for his triumph.
Histories III.44-48
Cartimandua Venutius Vellocatus
She threw over Venutius, who was her husband, and gave her hand and kingdom to his squire, Vellocatus.
Histories III.44-48
Venutius therefore summoned assistance and, aided by the simultaneous revolt of the Brigantes, brought Cartimandua into dire straits. She petitioned for troops from Rome. Our auxiliaries, both horse and foot, then fought several engagements with varying success, but eventually rescued the queen. Thus the kingdom was left in the hands of Venutius and the war in ours.
Histories III.44-48 · 📍 [[Danube]]
But when they saw Italy in the flames of war, and found the whole empire divided into hostile camps, they fell upon the winter-quarters of the auxiliary infantry and cavalry and began to occupy both banks of the Danube. They were on the point of storming the Roman camp as well, when Mucianus, who knew of the victory at Cremona, sent the Sixth legion against them.
Histories III.44-48 · 📍 [[Pontus]] · suddenly
Pontus had suddenly risen in a general rebellion at the instigation of a foreign menial, who was in command of what had once been the royal fleet. He was one of Polemo's freedmen, by name Anicetus, who had formerly been influential and resented the change which had converted the kingdom into a province of the Roman empire. He accordingly enlisted the maritime tribes of Pontus in Vitellius' service, attracting all the neediest ruffians with promises of plunder.
Histories III.44-48 · 📍 [[Trapezus]] · suddenly
At the head of no mean force he suddenly fell upon Trapezus, an ancient and famous city, founded by Greek settlers on the frontier of the Pontic kingdom. There he cut to pieces the auxiliaries, who had once formed the king's Body Guard, and, after receiving the Roman franchise, had adopted our ensigns and equipment, while still retaining all the inefficiency and insubordination of Greek troops.
Histories III.44-48 · 📍 [[river Chobus]]
He then had some Liburnian cruisers hurriedly constructed and ran Anicetus to ground in the mouth of the river Chobus, where he had taken refuge with the King of the Sedochezi tribe, whose alliance he had purchased by bribes. At first, indeed, the king endeavoured to protect his petitioner by using threats of violence, but he soon saw that it was a choice between making war or being paid for his treachery. The barbarian's sense of honour was unequal to this strain. He came to terms, surrendered Anicetus and the other fugitives, and thus put an end to 'the slaves' war'.
Histories III.49-52
He allowed his men to appoint centurions themselves in place of those who had fallen, and thus gave them a taste for insubordination;
Histories III.49-52
Pompeius Silvanus Annius Bassus
The ex-consul, Pompeius Silvanus, commanded the column, but the actual control was in the hands of a general named Annius Bassus.
Histories III.49-52
Pompeius Silvanus Annius Bassus
Bassus, while showing all due respect, managed him completely, and was always ready with quiet efficiency to do anything that had to be done.
Histories III.49-52
Antonius and his fellow generals decided to send the cavalry ahead to explore the whole of Umbria, and to see whether any of the Apennines were accessible by a gentler route; to summon the eagles and standards and all the troops at Verona, and to fill the Po and the sea with provision ships.
Histories III.49-52
So he kept on writing to Antonius and Varus in ambiguous terms, sometimes urging them to 'press forward on their path', sometimes expatiating on 'the manifold value of delay'.
Histories III.49-52 · lately
To Plotius Grypus, whom Vespasian had lately raised to senatorial rank and put in command of a legion,
Histories III.49-52
Mucianus Vespasian Antonius Primus
He forwarded the letters to Vespasian with the result that Antonius' plans and exploits were not appreciated as highly as Antonius had
Histories III.53-56
All this reached the ears of Mucianus and a serious quarrel resulted.
Histories III.53-56
Vitellius cross-examined each of them in private and then had them murdered.
Histories III.53-56 · 📍 [[Cremona]]
A centurion named Julius Agrestis, after many interviews, in which he endeavoured in vain to fire Vitellius' courage, at last with heroic persistence induced the emperor to send him to inspect the enemy's forces and discover what had really happened at Cremona.
Histories III.53-56
He went straight from the emperor's presence and committed suicide.
Histories III.53-56 · 📍 [[Apennines]]
Vitellius Julius Priscus Alfenus Varus
He dispatched Julius Priscus and Alfenus Varus with fourteen cohorts of Guards and all his available cavalry to hold the Apennines.
Histories III.53-56 · 📍 [[Rome]]
His other cohorts were given to his brother, Lucius Vitellius, for the protection of the city.
Histories III.53-56
He lavished special charters on allied communities and extended Latin rights to foreign towns: he remitted taxation here, granted immunities there.
Histories III.53-56 · 📍 [[Rome]] · At last
At last he found camp life too tedious, and on learning of a mutiny in the fleet at Misenum he returned to Rome.
Histories III.57-60 · 📍 [[Misenum]]
The mutiny of the fleet at Misenum had been engineered by Claudius Faventinus, a centurion whom Galba had dismissed in disgrace.
Histories III.57-60 · 📍 [[Misenum]]
The mutiny of the fleet at Misenum had been engineered by Claudius Faventinus, a centurion whom Galba had dismissed in disgrace. To obtain his object he had forged a letter from Vespasian promising rewards for treachery.
Histories III.57-60 · 📍 [[Misenum]]
To pacify the excited troops Vitellius chose Claudius Julianus, who had lately been in command of the fleet at Misenum and had allowed lax discipline.
Histories III.57-60 · 📍 [[Tarracina]]
The two parties encamped close to one another, and it was not long before Julianus came over to Vespasian's side. They then joined forces and occupied Tarracina, which owed its strength more to its walls and situation than to the character of its new garrison.
Histories III.57-60 · 📍 [[Campania]] · When news of this reached Vitellius
When news of this reached Vitellius, he left part of his force at Narnia with the prefects of the Guard, and sent his brother Lucius with six regiments of Guards and five hundred horse to cope with the threatened outbreak in Campania.
Histories III.57-60
but on the advice of his freedmen he held a levy for conscription and swore in all who gave their names.
Histories III.57-60 · At last
Gradually the senators and knights deserted him. At first they hesitated and waited till his back was turned, but soon they ceased to care and openly showed their disrespect.
Histories III.57-60 · 📍 [[the Apennines]] · in crossing the Apennines
Here they came across Petilius Cerialis, who had been enabled by his knowledge of the country to elude Vitellius' outposts, disguised as a peasant. As he was a near relative of Vespasian and a distinguished soldier he was given a place on the staff.
Histories III.61-65 · 📍 [[Interamna]] · promptly
Varus was promptly sent off with a light marching force, and the few who offered resistance were killed. The majority threw away their arms and begged for quarter.
Histories III.61-65 · 📍 [[Urbinum]] · About the same time
About the same time Fabius Valens was executed in his prison at Urbinum, and his head was exhibited to Vitellius' Guards to show them that further hope was vain.
Histories III.61-65
He murdered Fonteius Capito, whose loyalty he had undermined--or perhaps because he had failed to do so.
Histories III.61-65
He betrayed Galba and remained faithful to Vitellius, a merit to which the treachery of others served as a foil.
Histories III.61-65 · 📍 [[Narnia]] · then
Antonius then spoke to them kindly and told them to remain, some at Narnia and some at Interamna.
Histories III.61-65 · 📍 [[Temple of Apollo]] · After several interviews at his house
After several interviews at his house they finally came to a settlement--so the report went--at the Temple of Apollo.
Histories III.66-69 · 📍 [[Narnia]] · On December 17
On December 17 he heard the news that the legion and the Guards at Narnia had deserted him and surrendered to the enemy.
Histories III.66-69 · On that day
He said it was in the interest of peace and of his country that he now resigned.
Histories III.66-69 · On that day
The consul refused. The people in the assembly shouted 'No'.
Histories III.66-69
A rumour of his abdication had preceded him, and Flavius Sabinus had sent written instructions to the Guards' officers to keep the men in hand.
Histories III.66-69 · 📍 [[Fundane reservoir]]
While Sabinus' Body Guard were marching down by the Fundane reservoir they were attacked by some of the most determined Vitellians. The surprise was unpremeditated, but the Vitellians got the best of an unimportant skirmish.
Histories III.66-69 · 📍 [[Capitol]]
In the panic Sabinus chose what was at the moment the safest course, and occupied the summit of the Capitol, where his troops were joined by a few senators and knights.
Histories III.66-69 · 📍 [[Capitol]] · at dead of night
Sabinus was thus enabled to send for his own children and his nephew Domitian at dead of night, dispatching a courier by an unguarded route to tell the Flavian generals that he and his men were under siege, and would be in great straits unless they were rescued.
Histories III.70-72 · At daybreak
Flavius Sabinus Cornelius Martialis Vitellius
At daybreak, before the two sides commenced hostilities, Sabinus sent Cornelius Martialis, who had been a senior centurion, to Vitellius with instructions to complain that the conditions were being violated
Histories III.70-72 · 📍 [[Capitol]]
So they flung torches into the nearest colonnade and, following in the wake of the flames, would have burst through the burnt gates of the Capitol, if Sabinus had not torn down all the available statues--the monuments of our ancestors' glory--and built a sort of barricade on the very threshold.
Histories III.70-72 · 📍 [[Capitol]]
The fire spread to the colonnades adjoining the temples, and then the 'eagles' supporting the roof, which were made of very old wood, caught the flames and fed them.
Histories III.70-72 · 📍 [[Capitol]]
And so the Capitol, with its doors fast shut, undefended and unplundered, was burnt to the ground.
Histories III.73-77
Vitellius Flavius Sabinus Quintius Atticus
Sabinus and Atticus were loaded with chains and taken to Vitellius
Histories III.73-77
Vitellius came out on to the steps of the palace prepared to plead for him: but they forced him to desist. Sabinus was stabbed and riddled with wounds: his head was cut off and the trunk dragged away to the Ladder of Sighs.
Histories III.73-77
When the people further demanded the execution of the consul, Vitellius withstood them. He had forgiven Atticus, and felt that he owed him a favour
Histories III.73-77 · 📍 [[Velabrum]] · When the enemy first broke in
Domitian had taken refuge with the sacristan, and was enabled by the ingenuity of a freedman to escape among a crowd of worshippers in a linen dress, and to take refuge near the Velabrum with Cornelius Primus
Histories III.73-77 · 📍 [[Tarracina]] · In the meantime
Julianus was taken to Lucius Vitellius
Histories III.73-77 · 📍 [[Tarracina]]
who had him flogged till he bled and then killed before his eyes.
Histories III.73-77 · 📍 [[Tarracina]]
Lucius himself sent a laurel-wreath to his brother in token of his success, and inquired whether he wished him to return at once or to continue reducing Campania.
Histories III.78-82
Antonius has been suspected of delaying treacherously after receiving a secret communication from Vitellius, offering him as the price of treason the consulship, his young daughter, and a rich dowry.
Histories III.78-82 · 📍 [[the Capitol]] · already deep night
There he heard that Sabinus had been killed, and the Capitol burnt;
Histories III.78-82 · 📍 [[near the city]]
Petilius Cerialis, too, had been defeated in a cavalry engagement.
Histories III.78-82
Julius Flavianus, who commanded a regiment of cavalry, was taken prisoner.
Histories III.78-82 · 📍 [[Rome]]
He then summoned a meeting of the senate, at which envoys were appointed to go to the two armies and urge them in the name of public welfare to accept peace.
Histories III.78-82
Those who approached Petilius Cerialis found themselves in dire danger, for the soldiers indignantly refused their terms.
Histories III.78-82
Antonius sent the Virgins away with all respect, and wrote in answer to Vitellius that the murder of Sabinus and the burning of the Capitol had broken off all negotiations.
Histories III.78-82 · 📍 [[Rome]] · late in the day
But at last the cavalry forced an entrance by the Colline Gate and took the defenders in the rear.
Histories III.83-86 · 📍 [[Palace]] · When the city was taken
There Julius Placidus, an officer of the Guards, found him and dragged him out. His hands were tied behind his back, his clothes were torn, and thus he was led forth--a loathly spectacle at which many hurled insults and no one shed a single tear of pity.
Histories III.83-86 · 📍 [[Ladder of Sighs]] · After that
After that he fell under a shower of wounds, and when he was dead the mob abused him as loudly as they had flattered him in his lifetime--and with as little reason.
Histories III.83-86 · When all fear of violence was at an end
When all fear of violence was at an end, Domitian came out and presented himself to the generals of his party. The crowds of soldiers at once hailed him as Caesar, and marched off, still in full armour, to escort him to his father's house.
Histories IV.1-4
Arrius Varus took command of the Guards, but the supreme authority rested with Antonius Primus.
Histories IV.1-4 · 📍 [[Rome]]
At Rome the senate decreed to Vespasian all the usual prerogatives of the principate.
Histories IV.1-4 · 📍 [[Rome]]
decreeing to Mucianus in the most complimentary terms full triumphal honours
Histories IV.1-4 · 📍 [[Rome]]
On Antonius Primus they conferred the insignia of the consulship, and those of the praetorship on Cornelius Fuscus and Arrius Varus.
Histories IV.1-4 · 📍 [[Rome]] · this day
The senate showed their keen approval, and it was this day which first won for him great disfavour and great distinction.
Histories IV.5-8 · After Thrasea's fall
After Thrasea's fall Helvidius was banished
Histories IV.5-8
Helvidius Priscus Eprius Marcellus
and proceeded to prosecute Eprius Marcellus, who had informed against his father-in-law.
Histories IV.5-8 · after a while
Helvidius Priscus Eprius Marcellus
after a while, finding that Galba's attitude was doubtful and that many of the senators begged him to desist, Helvidius dropped the prosecution.
Histories IV.5-8 · at the same meeting
at the same meeting at which they voted powers to Vespasian
Histories IV.5-8
Helvidius Priscus Eprius Marcellus
Their exchange of views gradually grew into a formal and acrimonious debate.
Histories IV.5-8 · eventually
Helvidius Priscus Eprius Marcellus
The party which wanted the deputies chosen by lot eventually prevailed
Histories IV.9-13 · the next day's meeting
Musonius Rufus Publius Celer Soranus Barea
It was at this time that Musonius Rufus brought an action against Publius Celer on the ground that it was only by perjury that he had secured the conviction of Soranus Barea.
Histories IV.9-13 · 📍 [[Rome]]
This state of things continued until Mucianus arrived in Rome and took everything into his own hands.
Histories IV.9-13 · 📍 [[the Appian road]]
Mucianus Calpurnius Galerianus
Mucianus gave orders that he should be arrested by a body of soldiers, and to avoid a conspicuous execution in the heart of the city, they marched him forty miles along the Appian road, where they severed his veins and let him bleed to death.
Histories IV.9-13
Julius Priscus, who had commanded the Guards under Vitellius, committed suicide, more from shame than of necessity.
Histories IV.9-13
Paulus had been executed by Fonteius Capito on a false charge of rebellion.
Histories IV.9-13 · under Galba
Galba, however, set him free, and under Vitellius he again ran great risk of his life, when the army clamoured for his execution.
Histories IV.9-13 · 📍 [[Germany]]
Antonius Primus Julius Civilis Vitellius
This much was true, that Antonius Primus had written instructing him to divert the auxiliaries whom Vitellius had summoned, and to delay the legions on the pretence of a rising in Germany.
Histories IV.14-16
His speech was received with great approval, and he at once bound them all to union, using the barbarous ceremonies and strange oaths of his country.
Histories IV.14-16 · 📍 [[Mainz]]
Civilis next sent secret messages to win over the Batavian troops, which after serving as Roman auxiliaries in Britain had been sent, as we have already seen, to Germany and were now stationed at Mainz.
Histories IV.14-16
He was accordingly placed on a shield, swung up on the shoulders of his friends, and thus elected leader after the fashion of the tribe.
Histories IV.14-16
Summoning to his aid the Frisii--a tribe from beyond the Rhine--he fell upon two cohorts of auxiliaries whose camp lay close to the neighbouring shore. The attack was unexpected, and the troops, even if they had foreseen it, were not strong enough to offer resistance: so the camp was taken and looted.
Histories IV.14-16
But they were an army in name only, not in strength, for Vitellius had withdrawn all the efficient soldiers and had replaced them by a useless mob, who had been drawn from the neighbouring Nervian and German villages and were only embarrassed by their armour.
Histories IV.14-16
Soon after the engagement began a Tungrian cohort deserted to Civilis, and the Romans were so startled by this unexpected treachery that they were cut to pieces by their allies and their enemies combined.
Histories IV.14-16
Some of the rowers, who were Batavians, feigning clumsiness tried to impede the sailors and marines in the performance of their functions, and after a while openly resisted them and turned the ships' sterns towards the enemy's bank. Finally, they killed the pilots and centurions who refused to join them, and thus all the twenty-four ships of the flotilla either deserted to the enemy or were captured by them.
Histories IV.17-19 · 📍 [[Germany and Gaul]]
he and his followers were enthusiastically proclaimed as champions of liberty throughout Germany and Gaul.
Histories IV.17-19 · 📍 [[Batavian Island]] · at first
Hordeonius Flaccus Munius Lupercus
he instructed Munius Lupercus, who commanded the two legions in winter-quarters, to march against the enemy.
Histories IV.17-19 · 📍 [[Castra Vetera]]
Then the Ubian and Treviran auxiliaries broke in shameful flight and went wandering all over the country. The Germans pressed hard on their heels and meanwhile the legions could make good their escape into the camp, which was called 'Castra Vetera'.
Histories IV.17-19 · 📍 [[Bonn]] · at first
Hordeonius Flaccus Herennius Gallus
He now seemed bent on pursuit, and wrote to Herennius Gallus in command of the First legion, who was holding Bonn, telling him to bar the path of the Batavians, and promising that he and his army would follow hard upon their heels.
Histories IV.17-19 · 📍 [[Bonn]] · soon
Hordeonius Flaccus Herennius Gallus
But Flaccus soon gave up the idea, and wrote another letter to Gallus, warning him to let the rebels pass undisturbed.
Histories IV.20-23 · 📍 [[Vetera]]
Civilis Munius Lupercus Numisius Rufus
sent envoys to the two legions, who after their defeat in the former engagement had retired into Vetera, asking them to take the same oath
Histories IV.20-23 · 📍 [[Vetera]]
Munius Lupercus Numisius Rufus Vitellius
Vitellius was their emperor, and they would keep their allegiance and their arms for him so long as they had breath in their bodies
Histories IV.20-23 · When this was reported to Civilis
he flew into a passion, and called the whole Batavian people to take arms
Histories IV.20-23 · 📍 [[Vetera]] · Threatened with this gathering storm
Munius Lupercus Numisius Rufus
Munius Lupercus and Numisius Rufus, who were in command of the two legions, proceeded to strengthen the ramparts and walls
Histories IV.20-23 · 📍 [[Vetera]]
Munius Lupercus Numisius Rufus
authorized the soldiers to make up the deficiency by looting, with the result that what might have supplied their needs for a long time was consumed in a few days
Histories IV.20-23 · 📍 [[Vetera]] · Meanwhile
Meanwhile Civilis advanced, himself holding the centre with the flower of the Batavi
Histories IV.20-23 · 📍 [[Vetera]] · At last
At last they gave up all hope of an assault and resolved to try a waiting policy
Histories IV.24-27 · 📍 [[Gaul]] · Meanwhile
Hordeonius Flaccus Dillius Vocula
Flaccus, who had received news of the siege of Vetera, dispatched a party to recruit auxiliaries in Gaul, and gave Dillius Vocula, in command of the Twenty-second, a force of picked soldiers from his two legions.
Histories IV.24-27
He then gave orders that one of the mutineers should be put in irons, more by way of vindicating his authority than because one man was especially to blame.
Histories IV.24-27
Dillius Vocula Hordeonius Flaccus
The army then unanimously demanded that Vocula should lead them, and Flaccus accordingly resigned the chief command to him.
Histories IV.24-27 · 📍 [[Novaesium]] · On entering Novaesium
Dillius Vocula Herennius Gallus
On entering Novaesium they were joined by the Sixteenth legion. Herennius Gallus now shared with Vocula the responsibility of command.
Histories IV.24-27 · 📍 [[Gelduba]]
The number of the Germans soon increased: both sides gradually gathered reinforcements and a regular battle was fought, with the result that the Germans towed off the ship, inflicting heavy losses.
Histories IV.24-27
Herennius Gallus Dillius Vocula
At last their threats so terrified Gallus that he, too, charged Flaccus with treason. He was put in irons until the arrival of Vocula, who at once set him free
Histories IV.24-27 · on the next day
and on the next day had the ringleaders of the riot executed.
Histories IV.28-32 · Meanwhile
Meanwhile the whole of Germany was ready to worship Civilis, sending him vast reinforcements and ratifying the alliance with hostages from their noblest families.
Histories IV.28-32 · 📍 [[Vetera]] · Day dawned
Civilis now gave up hope of storming the camp and renewed a leisurely blockade, trying all the time by messages and offers of reward to undermine the loyalty of the legions.
Histories IV.28-32 · Such was the course of events in Germany up to the date of the battle of Cremona.
Alpinius Montanus, who commanded one of the defeated auxiliary cohorts, came in person to confess that his party had been beaten.
Histories IV.28-32 · promptly
The Gallic auxiliaries, who had no feelings of affection or dislike to either party and served without sentiment, promptly took the advice of their officers and deserted Vitellius.
Histories IV.28-32 · eventually
The veterans hesitated; under pressure from Flaccus and their officers they eventually took the oath of allegiance, but it was clear from their faces that their hearts were not in it, and while repeating the rest of the formula they boggled at the name of Vespasian, either muttering it under their breath or more often omitting it altogether.
Histories IV.28-32 · The news was next brought to the camp at Gelduba
Montanus was sent to carry instructions to Civilis that he was to cease from hostilities and not to make war on Rome under a false pretext;
Histories IV.28-32 · at first
Having thus inflamed Montanus he told him to take back a milder answer and dismissed him.
Histories IV.28-32 · on his return
On his return Montanus pretended that his errand had been fruitless, and said nothing about the rest of the interview: but it soon came to light.
Histories IV.33-35 · 📍 [[Asciburgium]]
Civilis Julius Maximus Claudius Victor
Retaining a portion of his force, Civilis sent the veteran cohorts with the most efficient of the German troops against Vocula and his army. He gave the command to Julius Maximus and his nephew Claudius Victor.
Histories IV.33-35 · 📍 [[Vetera]]
Meanwhile Civilis had been playing upon the feelings of the besieged by pretending that the Romans had been defeated and success had favoured his arms.
Histories IV.33-35
Thus there was a double mutiny, one party calling Vocula back, the others refusing to return to camp.
Histories IV.36-39 · at last
and at last they dragged Flaccus out of bed and murdered him.
Histories IV.36-39 · 📍 [[Rome]]
Tettius Julianus Plotius Grypus Vespasian
Tettius Julianus, who had left his legion when it went over to Vespasian, was deprived of his praetorship, which was conferred upon Plotius Grypus.
Histories IV.36-39 · 📍 [[Rome]] · then
Frontinus then resigned his praetorship and Caesar Domitian succeeded him.
Histories IV.36-39 · 📍 [[Rome]] · However
Antonius Primus Crassus Scribonianus
It was even hinted that Antonius had urged Crassus Scribonianus to seize the throne. He was a man who owed his distinction to famous ancestors and to his brother's memory, and Antonius could promise him adequate support for a conspiracy. However, Scribonianus refused.
Histories IV.36-39 · 📍 [[Rome]] · Meanwhile
Mucianus Antonius Primus Arrius Varus
Meanwhile he lavished military commands on Antonius' friends. Then, having filled his empty head with ambitious hopes, he destroyed his influence at one stroke by moving the Seventh legion, which was passionately attached to Antonius, into winter-quarters. The Third, who were similarly devoted to Arrius Varus, were sent back to Syria, and part of the army was taken out to the war in Germany.
Histories IV.40-42
to which Curtius Montanus proposed an amendment that some respect should also be paid to the memory of Piso. The senate approved both proposals, though nothing was done about Piso.
Histories IV.40-42
Musonius Rufus Publius Celer Soranus
It was then decided to resume the hearing of the case of Musonius Rufus against Publius Celer Publius was convicted and the shade of Soranus satisfied.
Histories IV.40-42
Sariolenus Vocula Nonius Attianus Cestius Severus
This kind of informal censure fell most severely on Sariolenus Vocula, Nonius Attianus, and Cestius Severus, who were notorious as habitual informers under Nero. Against Sariolenus there was also a fresh charge of having continued his practices with Vitellius. The members went on shaking their fists at him until he left the house.
Histories IV.40-42
Paccius Africanus Vibius Crispus
So he swung round on Vibius Crispus, who was pestering him with questions, and tried to turn the tables by implicating him in the charges which he could not rebut, thus shifting the odium on to his accomplice.
Histories IV.40-42 · On this occasion
Vipstanus Messala Aquilius Regulus
On this occasion Vipstanus Messala gained a great reputation, both for dutiful affection and for eloquence, by venturing to intercede for his brother Aquilius Regulus
Histories IV.40-42
Aquilius Regulus Crassus Orfitus
Regulus had fallen into great disfavour for having brought about the ruin of the noble families of the Crassi and of Orfitus.
Histories IV.43-46 · At the next sitting
Mucianus then at great length moved a motion in favour of the prosecutors, issuing a mild warning, almost in terms of entreaty, to those who wanted to revive actions which had been begun and dropped. Seeing that their attempt at independence was being thwarted, the senate gave it up.
Histories IV.43-46 · At the next sitting
Mucianus Octavius Sagitta Antistius Sosianus
Mucianus forced Octavius Sagitta and Antistius Sosianus, who had returned from exile, to go back to the islands to which they had been confined.
Histories IV.43-46
Octavius Sagitta Pontia Postumina
Octavius had committed adultery with Pontia Postumina, and, on her refusal to marry him, had murdered her in a fit of jealous fury.
Histories IV.47-50 · It was about this time
and that a state funeral should be held in honour of Flavius Sabinus
Histories IV.47-50 · 📍 [[Africa]] · Under the sainted Augustus and Tiberius
Caligula, who was restless by nature and harboured suspicions of the then pro-consul, Marcus Silanus, withdrew the legion from his command
Histories IV.47-50 · already
Sagitta further stated that Galerianus, Piso's cousin and son-in-law, had already been murdered
Histories IV.47-50 · 📍 [[Carthage]] · When the centurion whom Mucianus had sent arrived at the gates of Carthage
He accordingly had the man executed more from indignation against the assassin than in any hope of saving his life
Histories IV.47-50 · 📍 [[Africa]] · in the twilight of early dawn
Valerius Festus Baebius Massa Lucius Piso
However, Piso himself was killed very soon after, for there was one man among them who knew him, and that was Baebius Massa
Histories IV.47-50 · He now hastened to rejoin his legion
Valerius Festus Caetronius Pisanus
He had the camp-prefect, Caetronius Pisanus, put in irons, alleging that he was one of Piso's accomplices
Histories IV.51-54 · now
Vologaesus was duly thanked and instructed to send his envoys to the senate and to understand that peace had been made.
Histories IV.51-54 · at once
Though the weather was still very rough, Vespasian at once launched his fastest corn-ships with a full cargo.
Histories IV.51-54 · 📍 [[Capitol]]
The task of restoring the Capitol was entrusted to Lucius Vestinus, who, though only a knight, yet in reputation and influence could rank with the highest.
Histories IV.51-54 · 📍 [[Capitol]] · On the 21st of June
On the 21st of June, a day of bright sunshine, the whole consecrated area of the temple was decorated with chaplets and garlands.
Histories IV.51-54 · Meanwhile
Meanwhile, the news of Vitellius' death had spread through Gaul and Germany and redoubled the vigour of the war.
Histories IV.55-58 · now
Civilis Classicus Julius Tutor Julius Sabinus
These two were now joined by Julius Tutor and Julius Sabinus
Histories IV.55-58 · 📍 [[Cologne]]
Civilis Classicus Julius Tutor Julius Sabinus
having bound to the conspiracy those who were considered fit, they held a conference at Cologne in a private house
Histories IV.55-58 · at their first meeting
Civilis Classicus Julius Tutor Julius Sabinus Vitellius
However, the idea of sparing them carried the day. To destroy all hope of pardon would only steel their obstinacy: it was much better to seduce them into alliance
Histories IV.55-58
Civilis Classicus Julius Tutor Julius Sabinus Vocula
The conspirators themselves feigned loyalty to Vocula, hoping to catch him off his guard.
Histories IV.55-58 · 📍 [[Cologne]]
He was given a small force of horse and foot.
Histories IV.55-58 · 📍 [[Vetera]] · for the first time
Classicus and Tutor rode forward on a pretext of scouting, and ratified their compact with the German leaders. They were now for the first time separated from the legions, and entrenched themselves in a camp of their own.
Histories IV.59-62
Classicus Aemilius Longinus Vocula
Classicus dispatched Aemilius Longinus, a deserter from the First legion, who quickly murdered him.
Histories IV.59-62
Classicus then assumed the uniform and insignia of a Roman general, and thus entered the camp.
Histories IV.59-62 · 📍 [[Cologne]]
Tutor at the head of a strong force besieged Cologne and forced the inhabitants and all the soldiers on the Upper Rhine to take the same oath of allegiance.
Histories IV.59-62 · 📍 [[Mainz]]
At Mainz he killed the officers and drove away the camp-prefect, who had refused to swear.
Histories IV.59-62 · 📍 [[Mainz]]
coming by chance upon Longinus, the man who killed Vocula, they slew him with a shower of javelins
Histories IV.63-66 · 📍 [[Maas]]
The Germans swam across and took Labeo in the rear.
Histories IV.63-66
Civilis also received the allegiance of the Baetasii and Nervii, and added their forces to his own.
Histories IV.67-70
Julius Sabinus, who had destroyed every memorial of the Roman alliance, assumed the title of Caesar
Histories IV.67-70
Sabinus fled the field with the same rash haste with which he had plunged into battle. Wishing to spread a rumour of his death, he took refuge in a house and set fire to it, and was thus supposed to have perished by his own act.
Histories IV.67-70 · 📍 [[Rome]]
Mucianus Annius Gallus Petilius Cerialis
He had already appointed Annius Gallus and Petilius Cerialis to the chief command
Histories IV.67-70 · 📍 [[Rome]]
Mucianus accordingly displaced him, but, as a compensation, made him Director of the Corn-supply.
Histories IV.67-70 · 📍 [[Rome]]
Mucianus Arrecinus Clemens Domitian
he appointed to the command of the Guards Arrecinus Clemens, who was connected with Vespasian's family and very friendly with Domitian.
Histories IV.67-70 · 📍 [[Bingium]]
However, Sextilius' cohorts followed him up; some traitor showed them a ford; Tutor was routed.
Histories IV.67-70
This was commanded by Civilis' nephew, Julius Briganticus, for uncle and nephew hated each other with all the aggravated bitterness of near relatives.
Histories IV.67-70
Valentinus Tutor Herennius Numisius
Valentinus and Tutor then led the Treviri forcibly back into the field, but first they killed the two Roman officers, Herennius and Numisius.
Histories IV.71-73 · 📍 [[Rigodulum]]
Some of our cavalry, who had ridden round by an easier gradient, captured several Belgic chieftains, including their general, Valentinus.
Histories IV.71-73 · 📍 [[Trier]] · On the next day
Cerialis was afraid of soiling his reputation if it was said that he gave his men a taste for cruelty and riot, so he suppressed their indignation.
Histories IV.71-73 · At length
At length Cerialis soothed their alarm. He insisted that all disasters due to dissension between officers and men, or to the enemy's guile, were to be regarded as 'acts of destiny'. They were to count this as their first day of service and sworn allegiance. Neither he nor the emperor would remember past misdeeds.
Histories IV.74-77 · 📍 [[Trier]] · While the victors were occupying Trier
Petilius Cerialis Civilis Classicus
Cerialis made no answer to Civilis and Classicus, but sent the letter and its bearer to Domitian.
Histories IV.74-77 · 📍 [[Moselle]] · now
The camp had been forced, the cavalry routed, and the bridge over the Moselle, leading to the outskirts of the town, which lay between him and his army, was held by the enemy.
Histories IV.74-77 · 📍 [[Moselle]]
Seizing hold on fugitives, flinging himself without any armour into the thick of the fire, he succeeded by his inspired imprudence and the assistance of the braver men in retaking the bridge.
Histories IV.78-81 · before nightfall
Thus after Cerialis' carelessness had almost caused disaster, his pluck now saved the day, and he followed up his success by capturing the enemy's camp and destroying it before nightfall.
Histories IV.78-81 · 📍 [[Tolbiacum]] · the same time
They had entertained them at a lavish banquet, drugged them with wine, shut the doors upon them and burned the place to the ground.
Histories IV.78-81 · 📍 [[Novaesium]]
Classicus secured a further success against an advance-guard of cavalry which Cerialis had sent forward to Novaesium.
Histories IV.78-81 · about this time
It was about this time that Mucianus gave orders for the murder of Vitellius' son, on the plea that dissension would continue until all the seeds of war were stamped out.
Histories IV.78-81 · about this time
Mucianus Antonius Primus Domitian
He also refused to allow Antonius Primus to go out on Domitian's staff, being alarmed at his popularity among the troops and at the man's own vanity, which would brook no equal, much less a superior.
Histories IV.78-81 · accordingly
Thus without any open breach of friendship he gradually declined lower and lower in the emperor's favour.
Histories IV.78-81 · 📍 [[Alexandria]] · During the months which Vespasian spent at Alexandria
Immediately the hand recovered its functions and daylight shone once more in the blind man's eyes.
Histories IV.82-85 · 📍 [[Sinope]] · at once
He at once gave orders that representatives should be sent with presents to King Scydrothemis, who was then reigning at Sinope
Histories IV.82-85 · 📍 [[Sinope]] · Three years passed
Then a threatening vision appeared to Scydrothemis, bidding him no longer thwart the god's design. When he still hesitated, he was beset by every kind of disease and disaster
Histories IV.82-85 · 📍 [[Alexandria]] · within three days
The god himself, it says, embarked unaided on one of the ships that lay beached on the shore, and by a miracle accomplished the long sea-journey and landed at Alexandria within three days. A temple worthy of so important a city was then built in the quarter called Rhacotis
Histories IV.82-85
He was allowed a hearing, merely to see what he was made of, and condemned to death. At his execution some one cast it in his teeth that his country was conquered
Histories IV.86 · 📍 [[Lugdunum]]
Cerialis parried his proposal with a salutary snub and treated it as a boy's day-dream.
Histories IV.86
Realizing that older men despised his youth, Domitian gave up even those functions of government which he had hitherto performed.
Histories IV.86
Thus he concealed his real self and withdrew from all rivalry with his brother
Histories V.1-4 · 📍 [[Egypt]] · in the reign of Isis
in the reign of Isis the superfluous population of Egypt, under the leadership of Hierosolymus and Juda, discharged itself upon the neighbouring districts
Histories V.1-4 · 📍 [[Egypt]]
King Bocchoris, on approaching the oracle of Ammon and inquiring for a remedy, was told to purge his kingdom of the plague and to transport all who suffered from it into some other country
Histories V.1-4 · 📍 [[desert]]
one of them, named Moses, advised them not to look for help to gods or men, since both had deserted them, but to trust rather in themselves and accept as divine the guidance of the first being by whose aid they should get out of their present plight. They agreed, and set out blindly to march wherever chance might lead them.
Histories V.1-4 · 📍 [[desert]] · When they were already at death's door
Moses followed and disclosed an ample flow of water. This saved them.
Histories V.1-4 · on the seventh
Continuing their march for six successive days, on the seventh they routed the natives and gained possession of the country.
Histories V.1-4
To ensure his future hold over the people, Moses introduced a new cult, which was the opposite of all other religions.
Histories V.5-7
Jews
They have introduced circumcision to distinguish themselves from other people.
Histories V.5-7
converts
Those who are converted to their customs adopt the same practice
Histories V.5-7 · 📍 [[the Plains]]
cities
which they say were once fertile and covered with large and populous cities which were destroyed by lightning.
Histories V.8-11 · During the Macedonian ascendancy
During the Macedonian ascendancy King Antiochus endeavoured to abolish their superstitions and to introduce Greek manners and customs. But Arsaces at that moment rebelled, and the Parthian war prevented him from effecting any improvement in the character of this grim people.
Histories V.8-11 · 📍 [[Judaea]] · during the Roman civil wars
Later, during the Roman civil wars, when the eastern provinces had come under the control of Mark Antony, the Parthian Prince Pacorus seized Judaea, and was killed by Publius Ventidius. The Parthians were driven back over the Euphrates
Histories V.8-11 · After Herod's death
After Herod's death, somebody called Simon, without awaiting the emperor's decision, forcibly assumed the title of king. He was executed by Quintilius Varus, who was Governor of Syria
Histories V.8-11 · 📍 [[Judaea]] · In Claudius' reign
The emperor therefore made Judaea a province to be governed by Roman knights or freedmen.
Histories V.8-11 · In Claudius' reign
He had married Drusilla, a granddaughter of Antony and Cleopatra
Histories V.12-15 · 📍 [[Vetera]] · After the severe reverse at Trier
After the severe reverse at Trier Civilis recruited his army in Germany, and pitched his camp near Vetera.
Histories V.12-15 · on the news of victory
Cerialis followed in his footsteps, with forces now doubled by the arrival of the Second, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth legions, besides auxiliary troops, both horse and foot, who had long received their summons and came hurrying on the news of victory.
Histories V.12-15 · 📍 [[Vetera]] · at once
Provoked by the Batavi, the bravest of our troops opened the engagement at once, but soon fell into a panic when their arms and horses began to sink in the deep marshes.
Histories V.16-19 · 📍 [[Rhine]]
The Germans were beaten and fled to the Rhine.
Histories V.16-19 · 📍 [[Upper Germany]] · On the next day
On the next day the Fourteenth legion were sent to join Annius Gallus in Upper Germany
Histories V.16-19 · On the next day
and their place in Cerialis' army was filled by the Tenth from Spain.
Histories V.16-19 · 📍 [[Batavian capital]] · On the next day
Feeling that he was not strong enough to hold the Batavian capital, he took whatever was portable with him, burnt everything else, and retired into the island.
Histories V.16-19 · 📍 [[Rhine]] · On the next day
He also destroyed the mole built by Drusus Germanicus.
Histories V.16-19 · 📍 [[Gaul]]
Alpinius Montanus Antonius Primus
among whom was Alpinius Montanus, who, as we have already seen, had been sent by Antonius Primus into Gaul.
Histories V.20-23
Dividing his forces, Civilis suddenly made a simultaneous attack on all four Roman garrisons--the Tenth at Arenacum, the Second at Batavodurum, and the auxiliary horse and foot at Grinnes and at Vada. Civilis himself, Verax his nephew, Classicus and Tutor each led one of the attacking parties.
Histories V.20-23
The bravest of the defenders had fallen, among them, commanding a cavalry squadron, Briganticus, whom we have seen already, as a faithful ally of Rome and a bitter enemy of his uncle Civilis.
Histories V.20-23
Petilius Cerialis Civilis Verax Tutor Classicus
However, when Cerialis came to the rescue with a picked troop of horse, the tables were turned, and the Germans were driven headlong into the river. While Civilis was trying to stop the rout he was recognized, and finding himself a target, he left his horse and swam across the river. Verax escaped in the same way, while some boats put in to fetch Tutor and Classicus.
Histories V.20-23 · A few days later
The Germans noticed that his escort straggled, and that watch was carelessly kept at night. So they planned a surprise. Choosing a night black with clouds they slipped down stream and made their way unmolested into the camp. For the first onslaught they called cunning to their aid. They cut the tent-ropes and slaughtered the soldiers as they struggled under their own canvas. Another party fell on the ships, threw hawsers aboard, and towed them off.
Histories V.20-23 · 📍 [[mouth of the Maas]]
He chose for review the miniature sea of water where the Rhine comes pouring down to the ocean through the mouth of the Maas. His reason for the demonstration--apart from Batavian vanity--was to scare away the provision-convoys that were already on their way from Gaul. Cerialis, who was less alarmed than astonished, at once formed up a fleet. Though inferior in numbers, he had the advantage of larger ships, experienced rowers, and clever pilots. The Romans had the stream with them, the Germans the wind. So they sailed past each other, and after trying a few shots with light missiles they parted.
Histories V.20-23 · 📍 [[island of the Batavi]] · well into autumn
Civilis without more ado retired across the Rhine. Cerialis vigorously laid waste the island of the Batavi, and employed the common device of leaving Civilis's houses and fields untouched.
Histories V.24-26 · in a few days' time
Nor does this seem far from true, since his surrender followed in a few days' time.
Histories V.24-26
Cerialis had been sending secret messages, promising the Batavians peace and Civilis pardon
Histories V.24-26
The loyalty of the tribes across the Rhine was shaken, and murmurs began to make themselves heard among the Batavi.
Histories V.24-26 · 📍 [[Nabalia]]
He demanded an interview. The bridge over the river Nabalia was broken down in the middle, and the two generals advanced on to the broken ends.
Histories V.24-26 · 📍 [[Germania]]
Antonius Primus Civilis Hordeonius Flaccus
Antonius Primus was aware of this when he wrote urging me to take up arms to prevent the legions from Germany and the Gallic levies from crossing the Alps. The instructions which Antonius gave in his letter Hordeonius Flaccus ratified by word of mouth.
Agricola (1) · 📍 [[Forojulium]] · A.D. 40
A.D. 40. Cnaeus Julius Agricola was born in the ancient and illustrious Colony of Forojulium
Agricola (1) · A.D. 40
Caligula Julius Graecinus Marcus Silanus
By these his virtues, he earned the wrath of Caligula. For, he was by him ordered to accuse Marcus Silanus, and put to death for refusing.
Agricola (2) · 📍 [[Britain]] · A.D. 59-62
The first rudiments of war he learnt in Britain, under that prudent and vigilant commander Suetonius Paulinus; by whom he was chosen and distinguished, as his domestic companion.
Agricola (2) · 📍 [[Rome]] · A.D. 62-68
Departing from hence to Rome for the exercise of public dignities, he there married Domitia Decidiana, a lady splendid in her descent;
Agricola (2) · 📍 [[Asia]] · A.D. 62-68
In Asia he was enriched by the birth of a daughter, tending at once to his consolation and the support of his family;
Agricola (2) · 📍 [[Britain]] · A.D. 72
frequently, for trial of his prowess, committed to his conduct a part of the army; sometimes, according to the measure of his success, set him at the head of forces still larger.
Agricola (3) · hardly three years
His administration here lasted hardly three years, ere he was recalled to the present possession of the Consulship.
Agricola (3) · 📍 [[Britain]] · at the end of his Consulship
He was then forthwith promoted to the government of Britain, as also invested with the honour of the Pontificate.
Agricola (4) · 📍 [[Britain]]
The deified Claudius accomplished the undertaking; having thither transported the legions, with a number of auxiliary forces, and associated Vespasian into the direction of the design: an incident which proved the introduction to his approaching fortune.
Agricola (4) · 📍 [[Britain]]
There, nations were subdued, Kings taken captive, and Vespasian placed to advantage in the eye of the Fates.
Agricola (5) · 📍 [[Britain]]
Yet by the success of a single battle, he reduced the country to its old subjection
Agricola (5) · 📍 [[Britain]]
Paulinus Petronius Turpilianus
Insomuch that in his room Petronius Turpilianus was sent, as one whose behaviour would prove more relenting
Agricola (5)
Petronius Turpilianus Trebellius Maximus
Turpilianus, when he had quite appeased the late commotions, ventured upon nothing further, and then delivered the Province to Trebellius Maximus.
Agricola (5) · 📍 [[Britain]]
Trebellius, by flight and lurking, escaped the present fury of the army: he afterwards resumed the command, but with an authority altogether precarious
Agricola (5) · 📍 [[Britain]]
Petilius Cerialis, particularly, at his first entrance, struck them at once with general terror, by attacking the community of the Brigantes
Agricola (5) · 📍 [[Britain]]
he by the sword utterly subdued the powerful and warlike nation of the Silures
Agricola (5) · 📍 [[Isle of Anglesey]] · about the middle of summer
Almost the whole nation was here cut off; but as he was well aware, that it behoved him to urge and maintain this his fame, and that with the issue of his first attempts all the rest would correspond, he conceived a design to reduce the Isle of Anglesey, a conquest from which Paulinus was recalled by the general revolt of Britain, as above I have recounted. But, as this counsel was suddenly concerted, and therefore ships were found wanting, such was the firmness and capacity of the General, that without ships he transported his men. From the auxiliaries he detached all their chosen men, such as knew the fords, and according to the usage of their country were dexterous in swimming, so as, in the water, at once to manage themselves, and their horses and arms. These, unencumbered with any of their baggage, he caused to make a descent and onset so sudden, that the enemy were quite struck with consternation, as men who apprehended nothing but a fleet and transports, and a formal invasion by sea, and now believed no enterprise difficult and insurmountable to such as came thus determined to war. Thus they sued for peace and even surrendered the island
Agricola (6) · A.D. 79
By suppressing these grievances immediately in his first year, he gained a high character to a state of peace;
Agricola (6) · 📍 [[Britain]] · A.D. 79
By this conduct, several communities which till that day had asserted a state of equality and independence, came to lay down all hostility, gave hostages, and were begirt with garrisons and fortresses
Agricola (6) · The following winter
The following winter was employed in measures extremely advantageous and salutary.
Agricola (6) · The following winter
Thence they began to honour our apparel, and the use of the Roman gown grew frequent amongst them.
Agricola (6) · 📍 [[Tay]] · A.D. 80
During the third year of his command, in pursuit of his conquests he discovered new people, by continuing his devastations through the several nations quite to the mouth of the Tay
Agricola (6) · A.D. 80
So that in all their attempts upon them the enemies were baffled, and thence reduced to utter despair
Agricola (7) · 📍 [[Britain]] · A.D. 81.
A.D. 81. The fourth summer was employed in settling and securing what territories he had overrun:
Agricola (7) · 📍 [[Britain]] · A.D. 82.
In many and successful encounters subdued nations till that time unknown, and placed forces in that part of Britain which fronts Ireland
Agricola (7) · 📍 [[Ireland]] · A.D. 82.
Agricola petty King
A petty King of the country, expelled by domestic dissension, was already received into protection by Agricola, and under the appearance of friendship, reserved for a proper occasion.
Agricola (7) · 📍 [[Bodotria]] · A.D. 83.
his first step was to coast and explore the large communities beyond Bodotria by the means of his fleet
Agricola (7) · A.D. 83.
Britons ninth legion
They suddenly changed theirs, and all in a body proceeded to fall upon the ninth legion as the least sufficient and weakest of all; and, as the assault was in the night they slew the guards and entered the trenches
Agricola (7) · A.D. 83.
Agricola Britons
for both these our armies exerted their might, the one contending to show that they had brought relief, the other to appear not to have wanted assistance.
Agricola (7) · 📍 [[Caledonia]] · A.D. 83.
Britons
armed their young men, removed their wives and children into places of security, and in general conventions of their several communities engaged them in a league ratified by solemn sacrifices.
Agricola (8) · A.D. 84
A.D. 84. In the beginning of the summer, Agricola suffered a sore blow in his family, by losing his son born about a year before.
Agricola (8) · 📍 [[Britain]] · In the beginning of the summer
For, the Britons, nothing daunted by the issue of the former battle, and boldly waiting either to take vengeance or to suffer bondage, taught withal at last, that a general union was the best way to repel common danger, had by embassies and confederacies drawn together the forces of all their communities.
Agricola (9) · 📍 [[Britain]] · the eighth year
Agricola Britain
We have both passed the limits which we found, I those known to the ancient governors, you those of former armies; and we possess the very extremity of Britain, not only in the bruitings of fame and vulgar rumour, but possess it with our camps and arms. Britain is entirely discovered, and entirely subdued.
Agricola (9) · lately
Usipians Romans
What the Usipians have lately done, the other Germans will do, and abandon the Romans.
Agricola (10)
Thus inflamed and urging to engage, he formed them so that the strong band of auxiliary foot, who were eight thousand men, composed the centre. The wings were environed with three thousand horse.
Agricola (10)
But Agricola, who had apprehended this very design, despatched to engage them four squadrons of horse, such as he had reserved near him for the sudden exigencies of the field; and by this providence of his, the more furiously they had advanced, the more keenly were they repulsed and utterly routed.
Agricola (10)
What ended the pursuit was night and a satiety of slaughter. Of the enemy were slain ten thousand.
Agricola (10)
There fell of our men three hundred and forty, amongst these Aulus Atticus, commander of a cohort; one by his own youthful heart, as also by a fiery horse, hurried into the midst of the enemies.
Agricola (11) · 📍 [[borders of the Horestians]]
After he had there received hostages, he ordered the Admiral of the Fleet to sail round Britain.
Agricola (11) · 📍 [[Province]] · in the meantime
To his successor, in the meantime, Agricola had surrendered the Province now settled in perfect peace and security.
Agricola (12) · A.D. 90
as Civica had been lately murdered (even whilst Proconsul of the former Province)
Agricola (12) · A.D. 90
not only received the petition of Agricola to be excused, but when he had granted it, suffered himself to be presented with formal thanks, Nor was he ashamed of conferring a grace so unpopular and odious. To Agricola however he gave not the salary which was wont to be paid to Proconsuls
Agricola (12) · A.D. 93
A.D. 93. Afflicting to us his family proved the end of his life, sorrowful to his friends; and even to foreigners and such as knew him not, matter of trouble and condolence.
Agricola (13) · on the 13th of June, during the third Consulship of the Emperor Caligula
Agricola was born on the 13th of June, during the third Consulship of the Emperor Caligula.
Agricola (13) · on the 24th of August, during the Consulship of Collega and Priscus, in the fifty-sixth year of his age
He died on the 24th of August, during the Consulship of Collega and Priscus, in the fifty-sixth year of his age.